PhD, Associate Professor V.S. Pavlovskaya¹
PhD, Associate Professor A.A. Povzun¹
PhD, Associate Professor V.V. Apokin^1
1Surgut State University, Surgut

Keywords: adaptive capabilities, venous insufficiency, cardiorespiratory system, health in the North, educational environment, physical education.

Introduction. As of today, venous insufficiency is one of the most common pathologies of the human vascular system [4]. We are interested in this issue since, on the one hand, the problem of venous insufficiency in the lower limbs has considerably "rejuvenated" and today’s students are, beyond doubt, in the risk zone. On the other hand, the risk factors include those, which influence in extreme conditions of the North is almost impossible to eliminate, which means that northern university students are at risk as well. The need to adapt to ever-changing environmental conditions requires a certain level of tension of the regulatory mechanisms [10], among which the leading role belongs to nonspecific reactions accelerating the process of bodily adaptation [2].

Objective of the study was to estimate adaptive capability variations in the northern medical university students to detect, at least indirectly, their proneness to venous insufficiency, with a special attention given to the female subgroup.

Methods and structure of the study. Since the leading cause of the disease is thought to be a malfunction of the muscle venous pump, we assumed that this view would make it possible to not only identify adaptation problems at early stages, but also to correct the influence of negative factors and lifestyle that would help avoid the development of pathology in the future.

Subject to the adaptive capability and functionality tests were the second-year students of Medical Institute of Surgut State University (n=123) of the same age and both genders tested free of clinical symptoms of venous insufficiency. Measurement of the somatometric and physiometric indices, calculation of physiological parameters necessary for assessing the functional and adaptive capabilities of the body was carried out during the training sessions throughout the fall semester. Based on the data obtained, we estimated: period of residence in the adverse climatic conditions of the North, excess weight, physical health level by Apanasenko’s health rating method, level of physical development by various methods, actual and due biological age according to Voitenko’s health self-rating test, change in the daily rhythm of physiological indicators and visceral signs of daily chronotype, state of functional reserves of the cardiovascular system and types of response to physical loads, index of functional changes (IFC) in the circulatory system according to Berseneva to assess the circulatory function and determine its adaptive potential. The obtained data were processed by the standard mathematical statistics tools using, in the case of rhythm analysis and assessment of functional test results, FARS software application [3].

Results and discussion. When analyzing the research findings, it should be noted that there were no serious preconditions of the pathology development in the experimental group. And the strongest evidence of that was the IFC value, which was below satisfactory in three subjects only. When assessing the level of health using other methods, the number of students with the low IFC increased to 10% of the total number of subjects, which, in our opinion, was due to the allowance for the rates of external respiration, the functional state of which was lower as compared to other physiological functions.

Nevertheless, the influence of climatic factors that increase the risk of venous insufficiency could still be traced. Thus, the problem of photoperiodicity was the most significant. About 70% of students, from the point of view of preservation of rhythm, defined themselves as arrhythmics. Regional seasonal difference in the length of the day and night is numbered in hours, which, apparently, complicates the long-term synchronization of the biological rhythms of the body with external time sensors. Undoubtedly, a certain contribution to this situation is made by the lifestyle of medical university students associated with the inevitable violation of the daily regimen, but the role of external factors in this situation seems primary, and we can assume that the low level of the respiratory system functionality in conjunction with the signs, internal desynchronosis among them, can be directly related to the problem of our study. Low functionality of the external respiration system will undoubtedly affect the magnitude of venous return, which, in turn, will increase the pressure on the vessels. If considered that 70% of the experimental group demonstrated the hypotonic type of response to physical loads, that is, the bulk of venous return was owing to the propulsive force of the heart, and the hypotensive subjects have little possibility to provide venous return from the heart, then loading on the lower limb vessels will be nearly always high. So, special attention should be paid to the adaptation of vessels of the contingent under study.

Despite the fact that the students' adaptation reserve is generally adequate enough to provide an appropriate response to the current, day-to-day workload, it is important to understand how large it is and whether it is possible to increase it, which will enable the vessels to remain healthier despite the most unfavorable living conditions. Since these conditions are fixed, prevention of venous insufficiency, which is quite relevant for our experimental group, can only be associated with changing their lifestyle. These changes will aim, on the one hand, to strengthen the vascular wall and vessel compression valve apparatus, and on the other – to improve the efficiency of the venous return by increasing the functionality of both the cardiovascular system and especially the external respiration system. And the first step to achieve this goal should be changing the day regimen to normalize the biological rhythm, the more so there are rhythmological reasons for appropriate organization of the educational process [12].

Increase of motor activity is definitely the classical factor of improvement of the cardiorespiratory system functionality. It is especially relevant for our group, spending most of the day sitting, and given that only a quarter of the students have the above average physical fitness level, it is simply obligatory. It should be emphasized that this activity should be aimed to improve non-sports performance, as intense physical loads can cause desynchronosis [5] of motor activity in particular, and, above all, aerobic physical activity.

We have already demonstrated that intensification of physical loads alone neither directly improves the nonspecific adaptability of the body, nor increases its adaptive capabilities, especially to non-physical loads [9]. This means that this ability does not depend on the number of hours of physical training per week, which does not at all negate the positive effect of training in terms of the current sedentary lifestyle of young people. Moreover, the results obtained suggest for the conclusion that, being affected by nonspecific factors, the body responds by urgent changes, primarily in the autonomic regulation system, which are to be considered when organizing physical activity during this period, since changes in the vegetative tonus lead to changes in the load response mechanism. So, when organizing such an activity at university, evaluation of the adaptive effect should be based on the fundamental indicators reflecting the complex state of the functional and adaptive capabilities of the body, and these indicators should be assessed regularly, in dynamics.

Therefore, we have a case not of extended physical education hours, which in the current conditions will undoubtedly result in study time shortage, but primarily of creating the conditions that make it possible to realize this activity, as well as of changing students’ attitude towards the effectiveness and, consequently, necessity of this activity [11].

It is clear that the main role in this improvement, especially for students of non-sports universities, belongs to academic physical education. It is the content of the physical education curriculum that should be prioritized during implementation of this process. And if there are no direct contraindications associated with the presence of venous insufficiency, exercises and sports activities aimed to strengthen both the vascular wall and cardiorespiratory system as a whole are to take the main part of training sessions, especially in the female subgroup. The same applies to the choice of sports by senior students as part of their academic or extracurricular activities. It is important, where possible, to minimize those types of physical activity where the lower limb vessels are under special load: squats and lunges, especially with weights, barbell and kettlebell raises, fast running, step aerobics, in preference to swimming, aqua aerobics, various types of walking, especially outdoors, exercises on the training simulators.

And, finally, it was found that people living in the North are characterized by a steady increase in free fatty acids in the blood serum, which underlies the formation of alimentary dependent pathologies of the cardiovascular system, including a predisposition to venous insufficiency [6]. Total absence of overweight people in the experimental group gives rise to some optimism, but the analysis of the actual nutrition of medical university students shows that it is far from ideal for the time being [1, 7, 8] and weight maintenance is primarily owing to quantity control rather than quality control of the consumed products or their diversity.

Conclusion. We believe, obedience to some simple rules can significantly reduce the risk of development of venous insufficiency, especially in people tested at this stage with a sufficient adaptive reserve. Otherwise, it will be difficult to stay healthy being constantly affected by unfavorable climatic and environmental conditions. People living in the North suffer from metabolic disorders 50% more often regardless of the lifestyle, that is, their fault is only that they live there.

References

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8. Pavlovskaya V.S., Podgorbunskikh A.E., Brusentsov O.Yu. Analiz fakticheskogo pitaniya studentov 3-4-go kursov MI SurGU [Analysis of actual nutrition of 3rd and 4th-year students of MI SurSU]. Vestnik SurGU. Meditsina, 2011, no. 10, P. 30.
9. Pavlovskaya V.S., Povzun A.A., Rabchenyuk E.P. Khronobiologicheskaya kharakteristika sezonnoy adaptatsii k fizicheskim nagruzkam sportsmenov-shkolnikov [Chronobiological characteristics of seasonal adaptation to physical exercises of university athletes]. Vestnik SurGU. Meditsina, 2009, no. (2) 3, pp. 81-89.
10. Povzun A.A., Apokin V.V., Nersisyan N.N. Otsenka effektivnosti ozdorovitelnoy raboty sredstvami fizicheskoy kultury po sostoyaniyu nespetsificheskoy adaptosposobnosti organizma rebenka v usloviyakh detskogo doshkolnogo uchrezhdeniya [Estimation of effectiveness of recreational work by means of physical culture by state of nonspecific adaptability of child body within child's preschool institution]. Teoriya i praktika fiz. kultury, 2012, no. 4, pp. 90-92.
11. Povzun A.A., Povzun V.D., Apokin V.V. Bioritmologicheskaya otsenka roli fizicheskoy kultury v organizatsii ozdorovitelnoy raboty v VUZe [Biorhythmological estimation of the role of physical culture in organization of recreation work in university]. Teoriya i praktika fiz. kultury, 2013, no. 2, pp. 85-88.
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Corresponding author: apokin_vv@mail.ru

Abstract

Objective of the study was to estimate adaptive capability variations in the northern medical university students to detect, at least indirectly, their proneness to venous insufficiency, with a special attention given to the female subgroup. Subject to the adaptive capability and functionality tests were the second-year Medical Institute of Surgut State University students (n=123) of the same age and both genders tested free of clinical symptoms of a venous insufficiency. The sample was tested during the autumn semester to obtain the somatic data and anthropometric characteristics and compute the physiological rates to obtain the bodily adaptive capability and functionality rates. We believe that such examinations and tests make it possible to detect potential adaptive capability and functionality disorders at early stages when no clinical symptoms may be found and take timely actions to offset the negative ecological and lifestyle-related effects to prevent such disorders and future pathologies; with the key role in such actions played by the relevant physical education tool