Dr.Sc.Phil., Professor, RAE Academician G.F. Shafranov-Kutsev¹
PhD, Associate Professor L.M. Volosnikova¹
PhD, Associate Professor G.Z. Efimova^1
1Tyumen State University, Tyumen

Keywords: healthy lifestyle, health protection, physical activity, quality of life.

Introduction. As reported by the World Health Organization, lack of physical activity ranks 4th among the risk factors causing people's health deterioration and even death [2]. A teacher is one of the major figures in promoting the healthy lifestyle values ​(hereinafter - HLS). At the same time, the teacher profession is physically and emotionally costly. Therefore, learning outcomes are largely determined by the teachers’ health state [5]. It is worth noting that various aspects of health promotion strategies within the educational system have been discussed in numerous papers of domestic researchers (V.I. Zagvyazinsky and I.V. Manzheley, E.V. Mettus, T.S. Yermakova, V.M. Chimarov and N.N. Malyarchuk, N.O. Geryanskaya, L.M. Volosnikova, E.A. Kukuev and O.V. Ogorodnova) [1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8].

Objective of the study was to determine self-rating of health, physical activity and attitude of teachers towards a healthy lifestyle.

Methods and structure of the study. In 2015 through 2016, a series of sociological studies of the quality of life of the teachers living in the south of the Tyumen Region (hereinafter - TR) and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District (hereinafter - YaNAD) have been conducted by the staff of the Tyumen Research and Education Center of RAE [9, 10].

 The research in the south of the TR has been carried from January through June, 2015, and in the YaNAD - from March through August, 2016. The general number of teachers of the TR at the end of 2014 amounted to 9071 people, the sampling one – to 910 respondents. The standard sampling error was 3% (by the Paniotto formula). The sampling procedure was non-repeated, depending on the number of stages of selection it was a single stage kind of sampling. By its type it was a quota sampling giving sex, age and teaching service representation. The general population of the YaNAD teachers at the end of 2014 amounted to 4830 people, the sampling one – to 680 respondents. The standard sampling error was 3.5% (by the Paniotto formula). The sampling procedure and type were similar to those described above.

Results and discussion. The analysis of the study results in terms of the "teachers’ satisfaction with health" index involved such components as: self-rating of health, commitment to HLS, physical activity and sport.

Health. 8% of the teachers from the south of the TR rated their health "excellent"; 41% - "good"; 43% - "satisfactory" and 8% of the respondents are in poor health. There were no statistically significant differences in self-rating of the health level between the urban and rural teachers.

It is of utmost importance to be in good health and stay healthy in extreme conditions of the Far North. The health level of the majority of YaNAD teachers was rated "good" ("feel queasy once in a while") (43%) and "satisfactory" ("frequent various ailments") (43%). 7% of the respondents held contrary opinion: "excellent health, fall sick rarely if ever" and "poor health, fall sick often, have some chronic diseases". No statistically significant differences in the answers of the respondents from the south of the region and Yamal were detected.

Age. 4% of the teachers under 30 were sickly and had chronic diseases. Then, the number of teachers in poor health from the senior age groups increased, reaching the minimum value of 13% in the group "50 plus". While the young teachers characterized their health as "satisfactory" in every fourth case (24%), at the retirement age this index increased twofold (up to 49%).

A sufficiently high level of health ("excellent" and "good") was observed in the age groups of 40-49 and 50-59 years (57% and 61%, respectively). The minimum percentage of the teachers, who rarely fall sick, was detected in the age group under 30 - 4%, the maximum one - 20% - in the age group from 60 to 65.

Income. The higher the income level, the higher is the percentage of the teachers describing their health as "excellent" and "good" (correlation coefficient = 0.450**). And conversely, a decrease in salaries was accompanied by an increase in the number of teachers in satisfactory and poor health. Thus, in the group of the teachers, who have "enough money to buy food and other amenities, but have serious difficulties buying clothes", only 40% estimated their health as "excellent" and "good", while 60% were in satisfactory or poor health. In the group of the teachers, whose families are "rather well-to-do, and only really expensive things may cause difficulties" 61% characterized their health as "excellent" and "good"; while over a third (39%) - as "satisfactory" and "poor".

The second component of the "satisfaction with health" index is commitment to a HLS. The majority of the respondents were prone to a healthy way of life (69% of the respondents from the south of the TR and 63% of the respondents from the YaNAD); a fifth of the teachers (25% and 32% respectively) hardly ever keep a HLS; 6% and 5% do not keep a HLS at all.

HLS. The study of the influence of age on the propensity for a HLS showed that most of the teachers under 30 led a healthy lifestyle (63%); those aged 30 to 39 preferred a HLS as before, but their ratio reduced to 58%. Later, the behaviour of the senior group teachers was characterized by a positive dynamics as to a HLS: the older the teachers, the more they want to lead a HLS - in the age group of "60 plus" the figure reached 85%. The respondents under 30 were the most careless of their health (14% did not keep a HLS, versus the sample mean = 5%).

The teachers’ propensity for a HLS increases with the salary increase. At the same time, a negative dynamics is detected in the two richest groups of the respondents: rather well-to-do families, who have difficulty purchasing really expensive things; and families not living on a tight budget: their commitment to a HLS is lower by 4% and 12%, respectively, as compared to the maximum level.

Most teachers do not use their long-lasting annual leave for recreation, promotion of health. Only a third of the respondents noted their last vacation to be highly efficient (37%).

Physical activity and sport. We detected the low level of the respondents' satisfaction with their physical activity (5.82 and 6.23 points, respectively). Pearson’s correlation coefficient calculations revealed a correlation between the variable "satisfaction with physical activity" and such variables as: "satisfaction with environmental conditions in the place of residence" (in the south of the region) - 0.242**; "satisfaction with the living conditions" (0.274**); "do you think you live a happy life" (0.301**); "satisfaction with the variety of food consumed" (0.369**); "satisfaction with the quality of food consumed" (0.396**); " satisfaction with daily sleep" (0.404**).

The higher the respondents' physical activity, the more optimistic they were about their life ("How would you estimate your life as a whole?" (0.362**). The most common spare time occupations among the teachers are: watching TV and listening to the radio (56% ), reading newspapers/magazines (42%), gardening (42%), reading books (40%), doing homework with their children (39%). Only 33% of the respondents spend their free time walking – the only relatively popular kind of physical activity. Little less than 5% are engaged in sports. Teachers are not active consumers of health promotion and sport services - only 17% of the respondents traveled somewhere during their last vacation. There were no statistically significant differences in the answers of the respondents living in the TR and YaNAD.

Conclusion. Despite their declaratory commitment to a HLS, most of the teachers from the TR and YaNAD lead the way of life characterized by the low level of physical activity, and 25-32% do not keep a healthy lifestyle at all, which contradicts their mission of actively promoting the values of health.

References

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9. Shafranov-Kutsev G.F., Efimova G.Z., Lyubimova E.A., Semenov M.Y. Sotsialno-professionalny portret uchitelstva Yamalo-Nenetskogo avtonomnogo okruga. Informatsionno- analiticheskiy material po itogam sotsiologicheskogo issledovaniya [Socio-professional image of teachers of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District: Information and analytical material based on sociological research]. Tyumen: TSU publ., 2016, 166 p.
10. Shafranov-Kutsev G.F., Efimova G.Z., Lyubimova E.A. Tyumenskoe uchitelstvo: rabota i kachestvo zhizni [Tyumen teachers: work and quality of life]. Tyumen: TSU-2015 publ., 169 p.

Corresponding author: volosnikova@yandex.ru

The article presents the results of the sociological studies of the quality of life of the Tyumen Region and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District teachers. Objective of the research was to determine how they rate their health and physical activity, as well as their attitude towards a healthy lifestyle. As follows from the research, self-evaluation of health largely depends on the respondents’ age and income level. There were no statistically significant differences in the answers of the respondents from the south and the Far North living in both rural and urban areas. The higher teacher's pay level, the higher he/she rates own health, and the higher their propensity for a healthy way of life. More physically active respondents are the more optimistic about their quality of life. The majority of the respondents are prone to a healthy lifestyle (69% of the respondents from the south of the Tyumen Region and 63% of those from the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District). The survey revealed the low level of motor activity of these teachers. The only kind of physical activity popular among the teachers is walking (33% of the respondents); little less than 5% of the respondents are engaged in sports.