Applicant V.A. Stolyarov ¹
Professor, Dr.Hab. Sh.Z. Khubbiev ²
Professor, Dr.Hab. Yu.F. Kuramshin ^1
1Lesgaft National State University, St. Petersburg
²St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg

Abstract

The sport profile contains: general information about motocross as a sports discipline and its value: emergence and development of motocross, specific technique and tactics, influence on personality development; relation between competitive activity and athletic training - the former one defines the direction, structure and content, organization and method for the latter one; requirements of competitive activity to racer’s physical fitness and functional status: special physical fitness conditioned by performance of actions on management of the “racer-motorcycle” system by a motocross rider with display of speed, strength, endurance and coordination against the background of high physical and mental loads; purpose, means, ways, structure, content and conditions of competitive activity; types and nature of competitive loads: a race is conducted under extreme conditions with testing of aerobic and anaerobic loads, risk elements and manifestation of high responsibility; ergonomic characteristics of gear and equipment: state-of-the-art motorcycles are rather comfortable for a racer, and they ensure the following: correct distribution of bodyweight between rear and front wheels; improvement of self-control conditions; mitigation of negative influence of accelerations on race track irregularities and prevention of knee joint injuries, tension of strong and enduring muscles of buttocks by keeping the back straight etc.; competitive activity subjects - racers aged 8-10 – 23-27; efficiency of competitive activity is estimated by means of educational, psychological, biomechanical, physiological and biochemical indicators; competitive activity risks are associated with omissions in organization and running of competitions, athletic training of a motocross rider; competitive activity models can be generalized, group and individual; model indicators of successful motocross riders are morphological indicators, indicators of general and special physical and technical fitness.

Keywords: sport profile, professional profile, motocross, competitive activity, racer.

Introduction. The sport profile of competitive activity (CA) is the scientific description thereof. It allows structuring CA in motocross and building athletic training on its basis according to the priority principle of a sporting event as opposed to training [2, 8]. Physical fitness of a motocross rider as the foundation of his sportsmanship is structured on the basis thereof.

The purpose of this study is to elaborate a CA sport profile of a motocross rider.

Study methods and organization. Basic study methods are: theoretical analysis and generalization, job specification, sport specification and observation. The study was carried out in 2012-2015. Skilled racers of motorcycle schools of St. Petersburg participated in this study.

Results and discussion thereof. The CA sport profile has been elaborated using the job specification method [3]. It comprises the following sections.

General information about motocross and its value. When describing CA in motocross, its specific nature and development history; distinctiveness of technique and tactics; peculiarities of influence on development of the personality, physical, adaptive qualities, preparation of young people for military service are reflected.

Relation between CA and athletic training. CA defines the direction, structure, content and training method; allows estimating its efficiency and creates opportunities for building thereof; is continuation of training, the source of apprehension of athlete training theory and practice.

Requirements of CA to racer’s physical fitness and functional status. Requirements to racer’s physical fitness are imposed by necessity to perform different actions with hands, legs and body during a race: when managing the “racer-motorcycle” system with manifestation of physical qualities; when overcoming inertial and braking forces on route irregularities; in case of damping during jumps; in case of draws which stabilize the “racer-motorcycle” system in the airborne phase. Requirements to racer’s functional status are conditioned by necessity to withstand fatigue of leg, back and hand muscles; high intensity of activity of the cardiovascular and muscular systems, visual organs and the vestibular system. A racer shall have high performance, physical and sensory endurance [4, 14].

The CA purpose in motocross is to cover circles in a minimum or fixed time and defeat a competitor (yourself) or get the corresponding place in a competition.

Motocross rider’s CA means: start and acceleration of the “racer-motorcycle” system; turns on a race track; overcoming of irregularities and waves; countersteering and steering (by gas, feet, bodyweight, braking, using features of “behavior” of front and rear wheels); overtaking, hands, feet and body action; accelerations; jumps; throttle control; protection against oversteer; weight distribution; managing and balancing of forces which emerge during a race on a race track [10; 12; 13].

CA methods: tactical techniques and actions on driving of a motorcycle under off-road conditions, fords, swamps and peat bogs; performance of banking turns, high-speed ascents; rapid descents, jumps on a motorcycle; driving on the ground, on a rear wheel, with sliding and braking etc. [8, 10; 11; 12; 13].

CA structure and content comprise: start; starting stride; liftoff of a front wheel from the ground by downward push and handle bar pull; driving on a rear wheel along the straight line, in a stance for ascent; gear shifting when riding on a rear wheel straightly and with twists and turns; turns and riding along a minor arc; riding on a track; braking on wheel aquaplaning when riding on different routes and in different motion modes; turns; trace countersteering; spin, etc. [5; 10; 11; 12; 13].

Types and nature of competitive loads: racing under extreme conditions with manifestation of physical qualities, performance of complex risky actions; testing of high physical and mental loads. All of this is escalated under unfavorable climatic and geographic conditions and driving speed change.

CA conditions. Race tracks include obstacle elements and configurations which differ by the following: pavement, area landscape, weather conditions and state, visibility [12]. All of this increases physical and mental loads, requires flexibility in physical, tactical and technical training of a racer.

Ergonomic characteristics of gear and equipment. Increased competition during sport contests required modernization of a motorcycle by means of the following: its weight reduction by structural change; abandoning of a battery; replacement of an electric starter with a kickstarter, a drum brake with a disk one, and water cooling with air one. This has significantly increased comfort, motorcycle steering quality, self-control conditions on a race track, prevention of injuries, reduced loads on lower back muscles, allowed increasing the motion speed of the “racer-motorcycle” system [7].

CA subjects. A result in motocross is the outcome of activity of a racer, trainer and specialists. A very gifted person who meets requirements of sports may become an elite racer. For this reason the most talented persons are selected in a young age, and their specialization starts at the age of 13. Racer’s competitive career lasts for an average of 12-15 years, and he usually shows the best results at the age of 23-27. Mastering of a driving technique and development of special traits lasts for 8-10 years [1].

CA efficiency indicators may be represented by the following: rating, a place taken, achievement, record; general and special fitness, emotional-volitional, psychomotor and cognitive manifestations; reliability; activity index variation factor; efficiency under extreme conditions; stability of results; information content of CA indicators [1; 6; 12].

CA risks are associated with omissions of competition organizers, referees and racers in provision of security on a race track, in athletic training of a motocross rider. Risks go up in proportion to increase of speed of motorcycle driving actions, growth of amount and intensity of loads, deterioration of environmental conditions. Risks are associated with failure of adaptation to CA conditions, omissions in technical and tactical, physical and functional training of a racer etc.

CA models in motocross shall be built with account of significance of competitive characteristics [1; 9], racer’s personality, his potential and abilities developed in the course of athletic training. Generalized, group and individual models are elaborated and applied [8].

Model indicators of successful sportsmen used in training of a motocross rider are as follows: morphological indicators, indicators of general and special functional, physical and technical fitness [1; 12].

Conclusion. A racer’s CA sport profile may serve as an instrument for training control, if its content contains data of fundamental interdisciplinary research in the field of motocross theory and practice.

References

1. Gradusov V.A. Kriterii otbora na etape sportivnogo sovershenstvovaniya v mototsikle: Avtoref. dis….. kand.ped. nauk (Selection criteria on the stage of sports improvement in motorcycling: abstract of Ph.D. thesis) // Omsk, 1989. 20 p.
2. Demin V.A. Metodologicheskie voprosy issledovaniya sporta v aspekte teorii deyatel'nosti: Avtoref. dis….. kand.ped. nauk Methodological issues of sports research in the aspect of activity theory: abstract of Ph.D. thesis). Moscow, 1975. 26 p.
3. Druzhinin V.N. Psikhologiya: uchebnik dlya gumanitarnykh vuzov (Psychology: textbook for humanitarian higher educational institutions. 2nd edition). – St. Petersburg: Piter, 2009. 656 p.
4. Zudin V.N. Formirovanie navykov aktivnoy bezopasnosti u sportsmenov i voditeley transportnykh sredstv: avtoref. dis. ... kand. ped. nauk (Formation of active safety skills in athletes and vehicle drivers: abstract of Ph.D. thesis) // Russian State University of Physical Education, Sport, Youth and Tourism. Moscow, 2008. 23 p.
5. Krasnikov A.A. Obshchaya teoriya sportivnykh sorevnovaniy: problemy i opyt ikh resheniya: Avtoref. diss. … dokt. ped. nauk (General theory of sports competitions: problems and experience in resolution: abstract of doctoral thesis (Hab.). Moscow, 2007. 44 p.
6. Kuramshin Yu.F. Sportivnaya rekordologiya. Teoriya, metodologiya, praktika: monografiya (Sport recordology. Theory, methodology, practice: monograph). Moscow: Sovetskiy Sport, 2005. 408 p.
7. Motosport (Motosports) (electronic resource) - http://www.high-sport.ru/motosport/; http://dubaseki.ru/moto; http://www.mxplus.ru/cd/43.
8. Platonov V.N. Sistema podgotovki sportsmenov v olimpiyskom sporte. Obshchaya teoriya i ee prakticheskie prilozheniya (Training system for Olympic athletes. General theory and practical applications). Moscow: Sovetskiy Sport, 2005. 820 p.
9. Platonov V.N. Periodizatsiya sportivnoy trenirovki. Obshchaya teoriya i ee prakticheskoe primenenie (Athletic training periodization. General theory and practical application). Kiev: Olimpiyskaya Literatura, 2013. 624 p.
10. Nick Ienatsch. Tekhnika sportivnoy ezdy. Kak razvit' navyki, uluchshayushchie skorost', bezopasnost' i uverennost' na ulitsakh i trekakh (Sport Riding Techniques. How to Develop Real World Skills for Speed, Safety, and Confidence on the Street and Track) (electronic resource) - http://www.e-reading.club/bookreader.php/24598/Iienach_-_Tehnika_sportivnoii_ ezdy.html. 2003.
11. Taktika i tekhnika ezdy v sorevnovaniyakh Enduro (Driving tactics and technique: Enduro competitions) (electronic resource) http://mxworld.ru/articles/hystory/riders_technic_in_the_ enduro_competitions/ - 29.05 2015, 14:30.
12. Trofimets Yu.I. Motokross. Podgotovka gonshchikov (Motocross. Training of racers). Moscow: Patriot, 1990. 142 p.
13. Uroki GeriSemiksa: professional'nye priemy vozhdeniya krossovogo mototsikla i metodika podgotovki gonshchikov (Lessons by Gary Semics: professional driving techniques for dirt bike and racers training procedure); http://www.mxplus.ru/cd/20.
14. Agnevik G. & Saltin B. The relationship between nitrogen uptake and heart rate during competitive sports. In: 2 Internationales Seminar für Ergometrie in Berlin, 1967. Pp. 277-281. Ergon Verlag, Berlin, 1968.