Associate professor, PhD A.A. Povzun¹
Associate professor, PhD V.V. Apokin¹
Dr.Hab., professor V.D. Povzun¹
Postgraduate N.R. Usaeva^1
1Surgut State University, Surgut

Keywords: functional capacity, cardiovascular system, adaptive capabilities, exercise, flight.

Introduction. Body functional state related issues during long flights is a very common situation. It is particularly relevant for athletes who have to take long flights [1] and at the same time undergo intensive exercise [4, 14]. Especially for athletes from contrary climatic regions [2, 12], where among other things the body is under the impact of adverse environmental and climatic factors [3]. Understanding the essence of changes occurring to the body of an athlete is an important task for the coach organizing the schedule of travels, the training schedule and distributing physical activity. These issues are of particular concern in relation to junior athletes since a growing body is most sensitive to the damaging effects of the environment and primarily responds with biorhythmization changes [16, 17].

Assessing the consequences of such a flight in terms of the biorhythmological approach [15], we came to the conclusion that there are no critical rhythm disturbances, and there are no grounds for worry in terms of hemodynamic and even more so in terms of central rearrangements which are defined as a change of the leading parameter of LF order, reflecting the activity of the sympathetic centers of the medulla oblongata [19]. Analysis of the central perception of time and assessment of non-specific adaptive capability of young athletes has not revealed any critical violations of adaptive capabilities of the body either [5, 7].

However, in assessing the functional state of the young men an inadequately high value of pulse pressure which remained high throughout the athletes’ stay outside their time zone attracted our attention [6]. Of course, on the one hand, this situation is not critical, since all the other hemodynamic parameters are within the physiological norm and no serious rhythmological violations are observed during zone time offset and changes of climatic and geographical conditions [15]. Zone time offset, as shown by our research as well, is quite an important factor [1, 13] requiring constant monitoring [11]. On the other hand, the rhythmological analysis characterizes mostly the adaptive reserve of the body which is normal in the studied group. At the same time the functionality of the cardiovascular system can be weakened which is evidenced, according to some data [18], by the increase of the pulse pressure we observed.

Objective of the research. The only problem is that while at rest the distribution of hemodynamic load is determined by local hetero- and homeometric types of cardiac output regulation and does not involve the central regulatory mechanisms. So, we have a reason to believe that hearts of the young men function at least with the load that does not match the functional capacity, but functional analysis of the state of the cardiovascular system of young athletes is necessary for a more detailed understanding of the causes. This is the analysis we conducted. 

Research method and organization. The organization and methods of measurement are described in detail in the work [15]. For analysis we selected parameters and indices characterizing the level of both adaptive and functional capabilities of the cardiovascular system that, on the one hand, would not require stress tests for their assessment, and on the other hand, could be calculated based on the data already obtained from the rhythm analysis [15]. Using the average daily values of these indicators we calculated the following: Kerdo index [KI = (1-DAD/HR)x100], index of functional changes in the circulatory system (FCI= 0.011HR + 0.014SBP + 0.008DBP + 0.014A + 0.009BM – 0.009H – 0.27), where A is age, the number of years; BM – body mass, kg; H - height, cm; type of blood self-circulation (TBS=DBP/HRх100), circulatory endurance coefficient (CE = HR/PP х 10), circulatory efficiency coefficient [CEC = (SBP - DBP) х HR], Robinson index or double product (RI = HR х SBP/100) [8]. The data obtained were processed using the variation statistics method calculating the mean value and its error.

The result is shown in Table 1. Only landmark results of the flight and a week stay are provided, since the rest of the data did not differ considerably from the numbers below.

Table 1. Change of indicators characterizing the state of adaptive and functional capacities of the cardiovascular system

Research results and discussion. First of all it should be noted that the functional capacity level of the cardiovascular system can be regarded as a leading indicator that reflects the balance of the body and the environment, so a systematic approach to solving the issue of quantitative measurement of the adaptation level is provided by the assessment of the functioning level of the circulatory system. Index of the functional changes (FCI) is a comprehensive indicator reflecting the complex structure of functional relationships that characterize the level of functioning of the cardiovascular system. Since FCI not exceeding 2.59 is considered to be an indicator of good adaptive capabilities, no decrease of adaptive capabilities is observed in the studied group throughout the research period, which supports the results of the rhythm analysis in the group [15].

However, despite the fundamental importance of adaptive capabilities, primarily they are a backup, strategic reserve of the body, and the realization of short-term needs is determined more by functional capacity [10]. The level of functioning of the central and peripheral circuits of circulation and heart rate depends on the activity of the autonomic nervous system divisions, and the reaction to the load is to a greater extent determined by the type of blood self-circulation (TBS). The value of the Kerdo index (KI) throughout all the period reflects the prevalence of moderate sympathetic regulation, which indicates an intensification of catabolic processes typical of busy functioning and spending of body reserves. The value of TBS below 90 suggests a type of self-regulation of the heart, a moderate strain in the regulation and a decrease in the functional reserves of the body. Cardiac index, or Robinson index (RI) that reflects the level of hemodynamic load on the cardiovascular system and characterizes systolic functioning of the cardiac muscle is one of the most important indicators of the reserve. The possibility of using this indicator while at rest is based on the regularity of forming “economization of functions” during an increase in maximal aerobic capacity of the body. That is, the lower the index while at rest,  the higher maximal aerobic capacity and therefore, the level of functional capacities of the body [9]. In our group this index value is not lower than 100, and therefore this level is substantially reduced. The reason for this decrease is explained by a noticeable rise of the circulatory efficiency coefficient (CEC) that characterizes how much it costs the body to keep the blood moving in the bloodstream. The normal value of CEC is 2,600, and the increase that occurs in case of overtraining indicates difficulties in the cardiac function and fatigue. The same is indicated by a decrease below the circulatory endurance coefficient (CE) used to assess the degree of fitness of the cardiovascular system. Its normal value is 16, and its reduction most often indicates fatigue. 

Conclusions. Values of the indices of the functional state of the cardiovascular system suggest that, on the one hand, the cardiovascular system quite copes with the loads, and on the other hand – that the body of athletes is in the state of functional tension even while at rest. Hemodynamic load is shifted towards the heart, maximal aerobic capacities are significantly reduced. Since changes of adaptive capabilities associated with the flight have not been found either during rhythm analysis or during the assessment of adaptive reserves, the cause of such a state is likely to be in the inadequate physical load leading to a condition known as overtraining. 

We believe that the change of the leading parameter and the activity of the central ergotropic and humoral-metabolic mechanisms of heart rate regulation of the athletes reflect the response not so much to the flight or preflight state but to the exercise experienced by the junior athletes in the process of stress tests during which the changes took place. 

In this regard it should be noted that objective characteristics of the displacement direction of the autonomic status can be very important for understanding the biorhythmological assessment of adaptive and functional capabilities of the body, since even a very stable rhythm pattern during the shift of the autonomic tone can be assessed quite differently and have a variety of physiological effects.

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Corresponding author: apokin_vv@mail.ru

Abstract

Based on analysis of the calculated parameters and indices the researchers estimated the effect of time offset on the state of adaptive and functional capacities of the cardiovascular system of boys from the track and field team, residing and practicing in the conditions of the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous District, after the flight through several time zones. Physiological parameters were measured in 15 athletes aged 16-18 years, specializing in sprint types of athletics. All of them were departing to training camps from Surgut to Kislovodsk area at the same time and spent there 21 days.