Development of coordination abilities in primary school age children using judo in context of modular technology

Фотографии: 

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Postgraduate student O.V. Borisenko
Dr.Biol., Professor S.I. Loginov
Dr.Hab., Professor L.I. Lubysheva
Surgut State University, Surgut

 

Keywords: 8-10-year olds, coordination abilities, coordination training, physical development, sports and recreational judo, modular technology.

Introduction. Judo is popular in Russia and abroad. It is remarkable not only for its technical and tactical infrastructure, but also for its philosophy. The ultimate goal of judo is self-improvement to be more useful for the world around. Consequently, mere physical self-improvement and physical fitness are not enough for a developing personality of a young athlete, they must be socially mediated and useful for society.

In judo training, a specific technique has been elaborated to harmoniously develop all the muscle groups of the human body. Simultaneously with that, it forms a healthy lifestyle of children practicing judo since early childhood, promotes their health, promotes harmonious development of their personal and physical qualities. The basic training begins upon the techniques of the 6th kyu rank indicated with the white belt and, as experience shows, requires coordination training. The most essential coordination indicators we are interested in are as follows: balance, spatial orientation, differentiation of parameters of movements, response, tempo and rhythm, and motor coordination in judokas [3, 4, 8]. It has been found that at the age of 7-10 years there is a rapid development of biodynamics of child's movements, first and foremost, the coordination component. Therefore, this ontogenetic period of time is most favorable for the initiation of physical qualities and coordination abilities (CA), realized in the process of formation of the pattern of physical activity of man [1, 5]. If this initiation does not happen, the time required for the formation of the biophysical and physiological bases of the kinesiological potential may be considered wasted, and further steps in this direction can be ineffective for the human motor development [1, p. 216]. In reference with the above, it is relevant to develop innovative modular technologies of improvement of CA of junior athletes using the circuit training method.

The purpose of the study was to determine the effectiveness of the modular technology for the development of coordination abilities of primary school age children practicing judo on a regular basis.

Materials and methods. 23 boys aged 8-10 years, attending the Children and Youth Sports School of Olympic Reserve "Yermak", were involved in the experiment. The study was carried out at the premises of the Research Laboratory of Biomechanics and Kinesiology of Surgut State University in 2013-2014, on the basis of informed consent of the children and their parents.

The level of CA was estimated using the test method based on the perspective-prognostic model of their development [3]. The explored innovation modular technology consisted of 12 modules. Each CA included the education and development modules, 12 sessions long. The main point of the modules was to teach new motor skills and at the same time improve physical fitness. Structurally, the education module (EM) consisted of 3 training sessions, during which children performed exercises, memorized them and learnt to move across the stations while performing the exercises. Heart rate (HR) in this module did not exceed 90-100 bpm. The development module (DM) included 9 training sessions, during which the nature of exercises, stations, teams, pairing off, task sequence, etc. changed. HR was maintained at the level of 110-120 bpm. Each module consisted of 4 stations. The sessions lasted 20-30 min, they were conducted after warm-up that included sets of conditioning exercises.

Following up on the recommendations of V.L. Botyaev [3], the tests applied included balance, spatial orientation, differentiation, coordination of movements, tempo and rhythm abilities and response.

The statistical analysis of the obtained data was carried out using the software package Statistica_10 (StatSoft, USA). Arithmetic mean and standard deviation were calculated. A significant difference at p<0.05 (Student) was applied

Results and discussion. The ability to orientate oneself in space increased in the experimental group (EG) upon completion of the training sessions within the development module (DM), which was proved by the changes in the indicator from 8.06±3.12 cm to 5.35±2.56 cm (p=0.0074) within the group and between EG and CG, and later from 5.35±2.56 cm to 7.65±2.18 cm (p=0.0063). There were no significant changes in CG (8.33±2.72 cm versus 7.66±2.89 cm) (Fig. 1, A).

The differentiation ability also increased in EG upon completion of the training sessions as part of DM, i.e. the children finished the test in a shorter time, as suggested by the changes in the indicator from 117.1±13.7 cm to 97.55±18.9 cm (p=0.0012) and significant differences between the indices of EG (after DM - 97.55±18.9 cm) and CG (without DM - 112.2±9.85 cm) (p=0.0247). There were no significant changes in CG (8.33±1.57 cm versus 7.66±2.17 cm) (Fig. 1, B).

Fig. 1. Changes in the spatial orientation (A) and differentiation (B) abilities of young judokas in terms of judo classes as part of the development module in the experimental group and regular classes in the control group.

Here and in Fig. 2 and 3: * – statistically significant (p<0.05) compared with the "before" and "after" indices within the group, # – statistically significant (p<0.05) compared with the "after" indices between EG and CG. The vertical lines stand for the percentage error.

The ability to respond increased in EG at the end of the training sessions within the framework of DM, i.e. the children began to carry out the test faster and more accurately, as evidenced by the changes in the index from 18.53±3.42 cm and 15.8±3.56 cm (p=0.0249). No significant differences were observed between EG and CG after DM. During this time, just like in previous tests, changes were insignificant (17.8 ± 2.58 cm versus 16,35 ± 2,70 cm) in CG (Fig. 2, A). The ability to assimilate tempo and rhythm increased significantly in EG at the end of the training sessions as part of DM, the children began to take the test with a considerably smaller timing difference, as evidenced by the changes in the index from 1.19±0.57 sec to 0.74±0.38 sec (p=0.0074) and significant differences between EG and CG after DM (p=0.0167). In this interval of time, no significant changes (1.17±0.34 versus 1.05±0.36 sec) occurred in CG (Fig. 2, B).

Fig. 2. Changes in the response (A) and tempo and rhythm (B) abilities of young judokas in terms of judo classes as part of the development module in the experimental group and regular classes in the control group.

The ability to coordinate movements increased in EG at the end of the training sessions within the framework of DM, it took the children less time to perform the task, as proved by the changes in the indicator from 12.4±2.01 sec to 10.54±1.48 sec (p=0.0031). No significant differences between EG and CG were detected after DM. During this period significant changes (Fig. 3, A) were not observed in CG (12.3±2.37 sec versus 11.46±2.16 sec).

The ability to maintain balance increased in EG at the end of the training sessions as part of DM, it took the children more time to take the test, as suggested by the changes in the indicator from 10.63±3.49 sec to 15.05±7 sec (p=0.0221) and significant differences between the indices of EG and CG after DM (p=0.0208). During this time, there were no significant changes in CG (9.5±3.08 sec versus 10.8±3.11 sec) (Fig. 3, B).

Fig. 3. Changes in the ability to coordinate movements (A) and maintain balance (B) in young judokas in terms of judo classes as part of the development module in the experimental group and regular classes in the control group.

The effects of judo training sessions on motor coordination was studied by T.W. May et al., 2001 [12], who, by means of multivariate analysis, proved that the ability to maintain balance and auditory- and visual-motor reactions have significant improved after 6 and 12 months of training. After two years of training in judo P. Drid et al., 2009 [7], highlighted that the Serbian boys aged 11-15 years demonstrated the best physical fitness and CA compared to their untrained peers. Similar results were also obtained by the Polish researchers in youth judo [6, 9-11] and karate [12]. In general, our findings were equivalent to the results obtained by these authors and depended on the duration of training sessions [2].

During the experiment, to summarize, we used the perspective-prognostic model of coordination training of gymnasts at the initial training phase by V.L. Botyaev [3]. The standard levels of coordination training of gymnasts are largely universal and can be adjusted for most complex coordination sports, including judo. During our studies, the proposed tests proved to be effective in the evaluation of achievements of junior judokas, and the results obtained corresponded on the whole to the range of assessment of coordination skills. The circuit training method proved its high efficiency and ensured uniform load on all the muscle groups, as well as the cardiovascular and respiratory systems. Purposefully selected control actions, including optimal frequency, intensity, duration and number of repetitions, form the new qualitative features of the athlete's motor function. As a result, it is being programmed and developed in the intended direction [1].

Conclusions

  1. The use of modular technology (MT) is accompanied by the improvement of all parameters of the studied CA of junior judokas of EG, namely, orientation, differentiation, response, tempo and rhythm, motor coordination abilities and the ability to maintain balance within the experimental group before and after the training sessions as part of the development module. Under the influence of MT, significant differences between all the studied coordinations were detected in EG (post-MT) compared to CG (without MT), except for the response time and coordination of movements. No significant changes were observed in the children of CG, who trained according to the regular program.

  2. The findings can be applied in the practice of coaches in sports institutions and comprehensive schools within the framework of extended education when organizing physical education lessons.

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Corresponding author: fizkult@teoriya.ru