I.G. Gibadullin, professor, Dr.Hab.
A.R. Imangulov, postgraduate student
V.S. Kozhevnikov, Ph.D.
Izhevsk State Technical University named after M.T. Kalashnikov, Izhevsk

Keywords: automated system for planning of training process, armwrestling, bioenergetic types.

Introduction. Fitness level and functional capabilities of each athlete are very individual, so the question of differentiation of the training process is always open. The indicators of the rapid diagnostic technique of the functional state and reserve capacities of the body D & K Test can be used as criteria for the differentiation of the training process. It can be used to determine the type of energy supply to muscle tissue, body's functional capabilities and temperament of an athlete to rely on when planning the training process and choosing fighting tactics [1–6].

Materials and methods. The rapid diagnostic technique of the functional state of the body and reserve capabilities D&K Test distinguishes 5 bioenergetic types. (Tab. 1).

Table 1. Characteristics of bioenergetic types

Knowing the type of energy supply to muscle tissue it can be assumed which type of muscle tissue is more prevalent in the body, therefore, a proper training method can be selected, increasing the number of work lifts in the necessary power load range and pre-calculating the maximum power for each exercise.

Skeletal muscles consist of muscle fibers of four different types, differing not just by functional indicators, such as generation of maximal, very different levels of strength, contraction speed, duration of relaxation, susceptibility to fatigue and other functional and morphological parameters. Based on the differences in their functions, particularly the dominant type of bioenergetics, the following types of muscle fibers are distinguished:

• slow twitching type – insusceptible to fatigue, dominated by oxygen bioenergetics of SO-slow oxydative type (according to another classification - type I, or ST);
• fast twitching type – susceptible to fatigue, dominated by oxygen-free bioenergetics of FF-fast fatiguable type (according to another classification - type IIa, or FTc);
• fast twitching type – insusceptible to fatigue, represented by mixed oxygen-oxygen-free bioenergetics of Fr-fast resistance to fatigue type (according to another classification - IIb, or Fa);
• fast twitching type – intermediate fibers characterized by the properties of the FF, FR, Fi-fast seg fiber types (according to another classification - type IIc, or Ftc).

It is known that the fast twitch muscle fibers reach their maximum values within 25-30 ms. The same process takes slow twitch fibers a longer period of time (twice as long). The duration of their relaxation varies significantly.

Based on the features of the composition, the dominant type of its bioenergetics (using a simplified scheme - aerobic, anaerobic or mixed) can determine the motor predisposition of a particular muscle or muscle system as a whole to a specific type of activity (survival, strength and speed).

Dominating amount of one of the presented types of muscle fibers determines the bioenergetic profile (aerobic, anaerobic or mixed) of the musculoskeletal system, which largely determines the "external" motor indicators.

From the physiological and biochemical points of view, fibers of SO type are provided with sufficient supply of the oxygen metabolism enzymes involved in the oxidation of fatty acids and carbohydrates, while the amount of enzymes metabolizing carbohydrate to lactic acid in this type of fiber is insufficient. FF type of fibers is characterized by high glycolytic and low oxygen potentials. FR type of fibers is capable of "utilizing" both sources of metabolism.

The oxygen potential defined by the dehydrogenase activity in athletes involved in endurance sports is about three times higher than in athletes involved in anaerobic sports (eg, weightlifting, sprint).

All types of fibers contain approximately the same amount of ATP, phosphocreatine and glycogen, but the level of triglycerides in the fibers with the dominant aerobic bioenergetics is higher than that in the fibers with the glycolytic type of bioenergetics. Training loads contribute to an increase in carbohydrate reserves, while the depot of other bioenergy sources remains unchanged.

To make the training process more diverse, we suggest making mesocycle as short as possible, containing weekly microcycles, providing working out of each type of muscle fibers. To reduce the traumatism of the ligament-articular apparatus at armwrestling classes by our method it is recommended to give maximum load once per microcycle during the 1st mesocycle (in the 4th microcycle), and the 3 previous microcycles are meant to be preparatory, upon completion of all 4 microcycles we take a period of time equal to 1 working microcycle to recover. Respectively we get the following scheme: 1st microcycle (introductory) → 2nd microcycle (interim) → 3rd microcycle (preparatory) → 4th microcycle (developing) → recovery microcycle (no loads at all) → 1st microcycle (introductory) + 5% to the implement weight of the 1st microcycle of the previous mesocycle → 2nd microcycle (interim) + 5% to the implement weight of the 2nd microcycle of the previous mesocycle → 3rd microcycle (preparatory) + 5% to the implement weight of the 3rd microcycle of the previous mesocycle → 4th microcycle (developing) + 5% to the implement weight of the 4th microcycle of the previous mesocycle → recovery microcycle (no loads at all) 1 microcycle (introductory) + 5% to the implement weight of the 1st microcycle of the previous mesocycle → 2nd microcycle (interim) + 5% to the implement weight of the 2nd microcycle of the previous mesocycle → 3rd microcycle (preparatory) + 5% to the implement weight of the 3rd microcycle of the previous mesocycle → 4th microcycle (developing) + 5% to the implement weight of the 4th microcycle of the previous mesocycle → recovery microcycle (no loads at all), and so forth, for all 4 mesocycles. Recovery week is used to regenerate tissues of the musculoskeletal system and stabilize the nervous system after the stress load in the 4th microcycle as well as to ensure supercompensation of the body capabilities. The predicted growth of strength performance in the safest range is 5% per mesocycle.

Empirically determined result in maximum power muscle contraction for 1 repetition is recorded on a special sheet of paper containing a table of personal data, handed out to each test athlete, where the combination of letters and numbers 1А, 2А...10А; 1В, 2В...10В; 1С, 2С...10С corresponds to special exercises in a complex of exercises:

Table of personal data      

Set of exercises:

Monday

• 1А: bench press;
• 2А: dumbbell bench press at a 30 degree angle;
• 3А: simulation of "lateral movement in wrestling" with height-adjustable block;
• 4А: seated french press with the lower block;
• 5А: french press with the lower block;
• 6А: standing arms extension with the upper block;
•  7А: free weights static hold in a working angle on the Scott bench;
• 8А: supine grip wrist flexion with a dumbbell in the working angle;
• 9А: "hook" supination with the height-adjustable block;
• 10А: torso twists with additional weights in the Roman chair.

Wednesday

• 1В: wide (sumo) stance deadlift;
• 2В: upper block row with wide pronated, pronated narrow, narrow and narrow-parallel supine grip using the «Manus-Grip» grip extender;
• 3В: lower block row with wide pronated, pronated narrow, narrow and narrow-parallel supine grip using the «Manus-Grip» grip extender»;
• 4В: standing supine and hammer grip dumbbell curls with the «Manus-Grip» grip extender;
•  5В: simulation of "astride movement in wrestling" with the height-adjustable block;
• 6В: "astride" pronation with the height-adjustable block;
• 7В: static hold of the wrist in the retracted position using the judo belt;
•  8В: static hold of the EZ-bar with half-bent arms laying on the horizontal bench;
• 9В: shrugs with a barbell behind the back with the bar rolling down at the fingertips;
• 10В: hyperextension with additional loads.

Friday.

• 1С: squats with the bar on the back;
• 2С: leg press and feet flexing using a sled on a special exercise machine;
• 3С: seated leg extension using a special exercise machine;
• 4С: lying leg curl using a special exercise machine;
•  5С: hip adduction sitting using a special exercise machine;
• 6С: seated dumbbell press;
• 7С: dumbbell front arm raises;
• 8С: dumbbell standing lateral arm raises (dumbbell);
• 9С: seated decline lateral arm raises;
• 10С: 45 degree triceps kickback.

Further on the empirically determined result in maximum power muscle contraction for 1 repetition is entered in an automated system for planning of training process on the basis of the body's bioenergetic types for athletes involved in armwrestling and would appear on the ISI column (initial strength indicator). 5% ISI increment is the expected indicator of progress in the maximum power muscle contraction for 1 repetition and will appear in the table in the column ESI (expected strength indicator). The load of the 1st microcycle is 25% of the ESI, in the 2nd microcycle - 50% of the ESI, in the 3rd microcycle - 75% of the ESI and in the 4th microcycle - ISI+ 5% = ESI. Next mesocycle is planned considering the increment of ISI by 5%. ASI column (actual strength indicator) is required to indicate new empirically determined results in maximum power muscle contraction for 1 repetition, which may differ from the expected strength indicator.

Table 1. The program of automated system of training process planning is based on the body's bioenergetic types for athletes involved in armwrestling

Results and discussion. The teaching aid describing the technique of each of the exercises of the set was developed for the experiment. The experiment was held in a group of athletes of III, II and I categories involved in armwrestling training using this method. As a result a progress was recorded in the increased strength indicators by 15-10% in the athletes of the II and III categories and by 5% in the 1 class athletes in most exercises throughout 4 mesocycles. Therefore, the given method was proved to be effective for armwrestling training sessions.

References

1. Gibadullin, I.G. The rapid diagnostic technique of the functional state and reserve capacities of the body in the training process of athletes / I.G. Gibadullin // Issues of education in the field of physical culture: Proceedings of the 1st Internat. scient. congress (Belgorod, 21-24 October 2009): in 2 parts. Belgorod: Publ. h-se of BelSU, 2009. – Part 2. – P. 10–12. (In Russian)
2. Gibadullin, I.G. The peculiarities of planning of the training process for 15-16 year old football players in view of their bienergetic types / I.G. Gibadullin, V.S. Kozhevnikov. - Izhevsk: Publ. h-se of IzhSTU, 2011. – 152 P. (In Russian)
3. Gibadullin, I.G. Individualization of biathlon training process based on bioenergetic types / I.G. Gibadullin, A.Yu. Mironov, S.N. Zvereva // Pedagogiko-psikhologicheskie i mediko-biologicheskie problemy fizicheskoy kul'tury i sporta: e-journal of Kama state academy of physical culture, sport and tourism. – 2010. – № 1. – Iss. 14 (17). (In Russian)
4. Kozhevnikov, V.S. Analysis of general and special physical fitness of football players aged 10-17 years with different bioenergetic types / V.S. Kozhevnikov // Modern technologies of sports medicine, physical rehabilitation and adaptive physical education: Proceedings of the All-Rus. theor.-pract. conf. - Naberezhnye Chelny: KamSAPhCST,  2009. – P. 127–130. (In Russian)
5. Kozhevnikov, V.S., Moshkina, N.A. The concept of differentiation of football training process on the basis of bioenergetic and stabilometric indicators / V.S. Kozhevnikov, N.A. Moshkina // Modern problems and prospects of development of physical culture, sport, tourism and socio-cultural service: Proceedings of the II All-Rus. (with internat. part.) theor.-pract. conf. - Naberezhnye Chelny; Publ. h-se of NC branch of Volga region SAPhCST, 2014. – P. 116–118. (In Russian)
6. Lazarenko, V.G., Efremov, S.V. On the problem of choosing methods of psychological diagnosis in sport / V.G. Lazarenko, S.V. Efremov // Proceedings of the Repub. theor.-pract. conf. "Actual problems of development of physical culture and sport". Izhevsk: Publ. h-se of Udmurt State University, 2005. – P. 69–71. (In Russian)

Corresponding author: ffkis@istu.ru