D.A. Mikhaylova, Ph.D.
A.G. Levitsky, professor, Dr.Hab.
National State University of Physical Culture, Sport and Health named after P.F. Lesgaft, St. Petersburg
G.V. Rudenko, associate professor, Ph.D.
National University of Mineral Resources (Mining University), St. Petersburg

Keywords: acculturation, bushido, zen, media technology, orientalization, health forming system, personal physical culture forming system, three-dimensional judo.

Introduction. The concept of "judo" can be interpreted in three dimensions such as spiritual, social and physical [3].

As shown in Table 1, each of the three dimensions of judo has its peculiar content, is based on a particular kind of endowment (like hypertrophic anatomo-physiological and psycho-physiological endowments), implies an impact on an identical dimension of human nature, as well as involves the development and improvement of those capabilities that will serve its purpose, and, consequently, the development of the corresponding qualities (achievements) and health level.

Table 1. Three-dimensional judo as a research subject matter.

We believe, this science-based approach to the utmost complies with the views of founder of judo Jigoro Kano and, being the result of the analysis and generalization of the information from 350 domestic and localized for Russia reference sources, does not represent the most popular version of interpretation of the content of judo: only 6% of the general totality of sources contain the information which could be interpreted not only in the context of the physical dimension of judo, but also in the context of its spiritual and social dimensions.

Such a scientific-based approach to a certain extent resonates with the concept of J. Harasymowicz [6], as in his scientific paper he actualized philosophic (theoretical), ethical and methodological (mental and corporal) basics of teaching combat sports and martial (military) arts, and proceeding from his experimental studies determined that only 16% of combat sports and martial (military) arts trainers know well the philosophical and ethical aspects of the combat sport used in practice, and that in the process of teaching only 13% of trainers touch upon the philosophical aspects of combat sports, or take the opportunities to transfer them into "life outside sport". The health classification presented in Table 1 is aligned with the classification by R.M. Kalina and B.J. Barczyński [7], which includes somatic, mental and social components of health.

Therefore, "three-dimensional" judo is a terminological variant of the combined interpretation of the concept of judo, which characterizes the synthesis of cultural-epistemological, socio-psychological and corporal potentials of its beneficial effect on practicing adepts.

Materials and methods. The research methods included: analysis and consolidation of information from the reference sources; analysis and consolidation of the advanced educational experience; participant pedagogical observation; theoretical modeling.

The study has been held from 1999 to the present day. The first stage of the study lasted from 1999 through 2009 and involved integrated information gathering in the selected direction. The second stage of the study has been carried out starting from 2009 and up to now. It related to the experimental determination of the optimal pedagogical solution to the selected problem.

Results and discussion.

Ways of acculturation of judo as a media technology.

It is common knowledge that judo as a national sport originated in Japan in 1882, and its founding father was Jigoro Kano, who, due to the reduction of the number of allowed jiu-jitsu holds [ju-jutsu (hand-to-hand combat)] to safe ones (according to the understanding of the day), i.e. not focused on conclusive defeat of an opponent (death), in fact created a new kind of confrontation, which included two divisions: a sport one (as we call it nowadays) and a combat one (aimed at training security officials) [1].

According to Jigoro Kano, initially, the first of these divisions was not directly related to Olympic sport and was focused on self-improvement, development of special physical, extrasensory and psychomotor capabilities, as well as "soft" self-defense skills. Worldview was the key component of training of a judoka: it directed a person and predetermined his choice. The worldview of the judoka of the day was based on bushido - a samurai's honor code, which rests upon: rectitude (gi), courage (yū), benevolence (jin), respect (rei), honesty (makoto), honour (meiyo), loyalty (chūgi) [4].

The worldview training of adepts is based on the corresponding educational principles: educational goals; theoretical models-results of pedagogical impact (proficiency, good manners, level of development of particular skills or qualities). Taking into consideration the cultural differences between the Western (individualistic culture type) and Eastern countries (collectivist culture type), the educational principles of the impact will also differ between the representatives of these cultures. This fact has a direct relationship to training in judo as a traditional Oriental activity, the proper mastering of which implies involvement into Oriental culture - orientalization (easternization; the vector of development of globalization from east to west; globalization flow, which introduces the models and cultures of the East and South into the Western civilization), i.e. getting into the role of an orientalized judoka [2].

Presence or absence of this "immersion" effect - the effect of socio-cultural environment - leads to the following: even those people who are prone to the oriental perception of life, and who do not actually belong to the non-oriental community, cannot fully "gain an insight" of judo. Of course, this proves that not only the Japanese or other representatives of orientalized countries are capable of comprehensive mastering of judo, but this process will proceed easier and more effectively on the territory, where culture comprises all the verges of the oriental perception of life.

Summery. Considering that Russia is characterized by the availability of various branches of culture - both western and eastern - there are two ways of acculturation of the spiritual dimension of judo in Russia: orientalization (artificial and natural) and zen (as the acme of perfection for already orientalized judokas). Both variants of acculturation are the mechanisms of the worldview training of judokas (which from the viewpoint of the Japanese theory and methodology of judo is its primary component [5]).

Ways of acculturation of judo as a technology of social health formation.

It has been affirmed in Japan that, irrespective of the amount of physical load (and for some stages and cycles of training it may level off), the second key component of training is development of socially important qualities (modesty, obedience, humility, respect and other) by means of implementation of special physical exercises (first and foremost, by means of stand on ceremony of judo). By comparison, we can mention that in modern "western" wrestling theory there exists a widespread viewpoint that power is the basis of success in any confrontation. Whereas judo (within one of its semantic meanings) is also a kind of wrestling, in classical (Japan, "eastern", orientalized) theory of judo the key component of success is considered to be harmonious personality development, which implies the effective synthesis of the spiritual and physical abilities of a person.

However, under current conditions the majority of non-orientalized judokas do not go "deep into" the spiritual component of judo, taking it only as a sport, and only a few try to understand", but do not transfer the skills of "soft" interaction to other spheres of life, particularly to their social relations. In that context, we need to specify that what is meant here is not the use of locking technique during communication, but the skill to harmonize social intercourse. To this end, let us provide a number of examples of manifestation of that skill, which, in our opinion, may be considered the criteria of judo as a social health forming technology:

1) conflict-free problem solving skills; 

2) ability not to feel negative emotions when dealing with negative situations (to estrange oneself, "ignore", not to let negativity "interfere" with internal tranquility)

3) ability to pursue advantageous goals by means of peaceful compromise (to reach through "the walls")

Summery. The ways of acculturation of the social dimension of judo in Russia include oriental-shaping socialization (for fully or partially non-orientalized judokas) and praxiologically oriented (optimal) communication (as a stage of social enhancement for already orientalized judokas).

Ways of acculturation of judo as a system of development of personal physical culture.

The physical dimension implies introduction of judo as a system that develops personal physical culture. Traditional judo consists of the "subsidiary division" (including preparation for mastering of technical and tactical actions) and mastering and practicing of judo as such. Based on the integrative view of judo from the perspective of theory and methodology of physical culture (Table 2) it can be considered as a system of physical education (and specifically, as an element of physical education and a factor of physical development), and as a kind of sport (Olympic, non-Olympic), and as a system of physical recreation, and as a system of motor rehabilitation, and as a system of physical culture for individuals with health deviations (adaptive judo).

Table 2. Integrative view of judo from the perspective of theory and methodology of physical culture.

Judo as an Olympic sport is the most motivating to the effective display of mental capacities (tactically flexible / off standard, creative / non-recurrent / selective, adequate to situations) kind of wrestling.

Summery. Based on the physical level of analysis of the concept of "judo" it can be considered as a system which develops personal physical culture and which is viewed as a complex of five components (where traditional components of physical culture serve as their prototype), practical acquisition of which may be interpreted as acculturation of the physical dimension of judo in Russia. Therefore, the ways of acculturation of the physical dimension of judo in Russia include: judo as a system of physical education, judo as a kind of sport, judo as a system of physical recreation, judo as a system of motor rehabilitation, adaptive judo.

Possible integrative ways of acculturation of the three-dimensional judo.

Obviously, true judo is Japanese judo. And in order to adequately master it, it is to be a pedagogical reference point in judo training in all the countries of the world irrespective of their cultural orientation. Without doubt, during judo training the indirect orientalization takes place in any case, another question is its degree, which stipulates the level of mastering of judo in full measure.

In terms of expansion of the ways of acculturation of the three-dimensional judo starting from summing up of the ways of acculturation of its separate dimensions (spiritual, social, physical) and up to completing them by the new variants, it is reasonable to take into account that if judo is a specific life philosophy and psychology that helps achieve maximum results in an optimal way, it will be definitely useful to practice the three-dimensional judo for the development and enhancement of the adaptive capabilities of the workers of those spheres, where:

- competition is especially tough (for example, politics, management, sport);

- performance results are particularly important (for instance, medicine, science);

- lots of power is needed to perform functional duties (for example, rough labor, astronaut training);

- restricted activity time is minimum along with the importance of the product of labor (for example, laboratory experiments, surgeries)

- there is an increased physical and mental tension (for instance, art, working as an operator, operational investigative work).

The mentioned positions, as we believe, will be especially interesting for the representatives of all the countries, regardless of the degree of orientalization of their cultures, including the citizens of the Russian Federation.

Summery. Possible integrative ways of acculturation of judo in Russia reasonably comprise: judo as a form of integrated training of politicians, government official, athletes; judo as a form of integrated training of medical practitioners (especially - surgeons) and scientists; judo as a form of integrated training of astronauts and people of rough labor; judo as a form of integrated training of vaccine laboratory workers; judo as a form of integrated training of the clerisy, operators, security workers and others.

Conclusion. Judo is not only an Olympic sport, but, first and foremost, a system of formation of personal physical culture; it is perceived as lifestyle, as a certain "philosophy" and "psychology" of life, as a way of understanding of reality, interaction with the latter, as a social health forming system. From the researchers' perspective, judo is an original media technology, is the mediator, transmitting an array of features of oriental (Japanese) culture in all corners of the globe. Thus, it is correct to consider judo in three dimensions.

In every country and in Russia in particular the intensity of development of judo as a media technology, that transmits the Japanese culture in sport and beyond, is determined by the adequacy of the information that is available within a judo "training school" in this country, borrowed or developed in an experiment.

References

1. Kano, J. Kodokan Judo / J. Kano; transl. from Engl. by B. Zastavnaya. - Rostov-on-Don: Fenix, 2000. – 448 P. (In Russian)
2. Kogan, I.M. Man's image and cross-cultural research. Two types of culture - two of man's images. The image of man in children and adults / I.M. Kogan. – URL: http://www.portal-slovo.ru/authors/44853.php (date of access: 26.03.2013). (In Russian)
3. Mikhaylova, D.A. Three-dimensional judo as an object of research / D.A. Mikhaylova, A.G. Levitsky // VI Internat. congress "Sport, Man, Health" October, 18-20, 2013, St. Petersburg, Russia: Proceedings of the Congress / Ed. by V.A. Taymazov. - St. Petersburg: Olimp-SPb, 2013. – P. 46–47. (In Russian)
4. Nitobe, I. Bushido: The Soul of Japan / I. Nitobe. – URL: http://mosbudokan.ru/public/bushido0.html (date of access: 04.11.2013). (In Russian)
5. Yamashita , Ya. Judo fighting spirit. Unique master's technique / Ya. Yamashita; transl. from Engl. by E. Gupalo. – Мoscow: FAIR-PRESS, 2003. – 192 P.: illus. – (Martial arts). (In Russian)
6. Harasymowicz, J. Competences of combat sports and martial arts educators in light of the holistic fair self-defence model of training / J. Harasymowicz // Archives of Budo. – 2007. – Vol. 3. – P. 7-14.
7. Kalina, R.M. Archives of Budo Science of Martial Arts and Extreme Sports – A reason for this new branch journal / R. M. Kalina, B. J. Barczyński // Archives of Budo Science of Martial Arts and Extreme Sports. – 2013. – Vol. 9. – P. 1-9.

Corresponding author: Panfilio@spmi.ru