PhD N.V. Nikiforov¹
Dr. Hab., Professor S.N. Nikitin²
Applicant A.G. Dyachkovsky^1
1Ammosov North-Eastern Federal University, Yakutsk
²Lesgaft National State University of Physical Education, Sport and Health, St. Petersburg

Keywords: hapsagay wrestling, technical and tactical training, methodology, theoretical and practical training, research.

Background. Technical and tactical trainings with technical and tactical training tests are central for progress in the modern competitive wrestling, and that is the reason why the sport community gives a special priority to the technical and tactical training excellence models. Our analysis of the relevant theoretical and practical research literature showed that the Yakut national hapsagay wrestling is still in need of a sound theoretical basis for progress of its technical and tactical training methods – as this wrestling discipline is different in many aspects from the other wrestling sports listed in the Russian Sports Classifier – mostly in its centuries-old traditional rules, priorities, tactics and techniques. Therefore, coaches of the beginner, advanced and elite hapsagay wrestling teams still have to rely mostly on their own practical past sporting experiences and, hence, inevitably face many limitations in the theoretical and practical training process. It should be emphasized that the traditional hapsagay wrestling technical and tactical training progress needs are dictated by the growing recognition and popularity of the sport discipline in the Republic and the world over [1, 2].

Objective of the study was to develop and test benefits of the beginner hapsagay wrestling technical and tactical training model with its progress and growing-difficulty stages.

Methods and structure of the study. Wrestling basics mastering trainings give a top priority to the sport-specific motor skills with a gradual progress from the relatively easy to the most difficult ones for competitive progress. The modern popular skill set building (stable and situation-specific/ contingency execution) methodology categorizes the training process into the basics mastering stage with the stable/ standard conditions and the fight-situation-specific stage with the widely varied conditions/ contingencies/ distracters. The transition to the contingency fight situations is recommended not sooner than the basic competitive skills and responses are habitual/ automatic enough and the trainings may be made more difficult by a variety of distracters and contingencies. In our training model, the first six training sessions offer the elementary and full movement sequence mastering elements with the relevant tactical basics including unexpected distracters/ conditions/ pressure on the athlete as follows:

• Session 1: hold basics mastering with no weights on the trunk, forearm or thigh – to train the movement analyzer system;
• Session 2: hold basics trainings complicated by the straight/ rotation/ mixed accelerations in the sagittal, horizontal and frontal planes – to train the vestibular analyzer system;
• Session 3: hold basics trainings and full movement sequence reps with a priority to the visual control – to train the visual analyzer system.

The further trainings were complicated by a variety of contingencies/ distracters as follows:

• Session 4: full movement sequence complicated by the variable environmental conditions – e.g. varied surface elasticity coefficient;
• Session 5: resisted hold reps on the varied-size mats;
• Session 6: full-resistance hold reps in sparring bouts with partners of different weight, strength and height classes;
• Session 7: sparring bouts further complicated by a range of contingencies geared to derail the technical fight plans;
• Session 8: simplified sparring bouts with the strict fight plans; and
• Session 9: technical performance excellence trainings with the growing-contingency sparring bouts.

In methodological terms, the new training system prioritized the basics mastering and contingency training elements customized to the individual preferences in the skill sets and tactics, with every motor skill repetition reasonably limited in the standard positions and elements to help the trainee master the hold logics and automate the execution and develop an excellent motor skill. On the whole, we would underline the following key points in our stable/ standard and situation-specific/ contingency hapsagay wrestling technical and tactical skills mastering trainings:

1. Smooth transition from the standard basics mastering to the fight-specific/ contingency training tools;
2. Gradual growth of the difficulty level in the fight-mimicking trainings using a growing range of distracters; and
3.  Special growing pressures to develop the fight control skills and prevent drifts to the habitual/ unconscious execution, using the following progressive tools:

• Sessions 1 to 4: extra pressures on the athletes with the reasonably rated external distracters;
• Sessions 5 and 6: growing-difficulty sparring bouts with partners of different weight/ height/ skill classes;
• Session 7: further skill set excellence and fight-situations-mimicking trainings with the contingency elements in the sparring bouts;
• Session 8: simplified training bouts with strict fight plans; and 
• Session 9: growing share of special sparring bouts.

The new beginner hapsagay wrestling technical and tactical training model was tested on a sample of the first-year students of Ammosov North-Eastern Federal University split up into Experimental (EG) and Reference (RG) Groups of 15 people each. It should be noted that the modern hapsagay wrestling tactics are rated by the activity, skill set versatility, effectiveness, variability and combinability tests. The repetition and contingency training model generally includes 8 periods of 9 training sessions each, with every hold mastered in the standard and variable situation-specific conditions to ensure a smooth transition from the standard execution to the contingency fight-mimicking training models when the athlete develops the habitual/ automatic skill set and proves its versatility in the pressure/ distracters-complicated trainings [3].

Results and discussion. The new hapsagay wrestling technical and tactical training model with the reasonably combined standard and contingency training tools was found beneficial as verified by the EG progress in the technical and tactical skills rating tests. Thus the EG skill set was tested meaningfully more versatile than in the RG: 0.30±0.02 versus 0.22±0.03 points, respectively, with the 95% difference (p <0.05). This sigificant progress demonstrates benefits of the 8-group hapsagay wrestling technical and tactical training model with 9 sessions per group, with the phased difficulty growth pattern.

Furthermore, the EG was tested with the higher combination ratio than the RG – i.e. the EG wrestlers were tested to resort to the hold combinations/ connections in two attempts out of seven – versus one out of five in the RG. This progress was secured by a smooth transition to the fight-mimicking trainings, with the growing difficulty levels and a special focus on the fight-situation-specific technical and tactical skills versatility and combinatory techniques. The higher skill set versatility in the EG underlines once again the need to reasonably prioritize the right- and left-side technicalities in the hapsagay wrestling trainings. Thus the EG and RG skill sets were rated by 0.13±0.02 and 0.04±0.03 points on the skill set versatility scale, with the EG rate being significantly (p <0.05) higher: see Table 1 hereunder.

Table 1. The EG versus RG technical and tactical progress test data

References

1. Kolodeznikov K.S. Pedagogical conditions of professional self-improvement of future bachelors of physical education in university. Teoriya i praktika fiz. kultury. 2012. no. 10. pp. 18-20.
2. Kolodeznikova M.G. Professional self-determination of future physical education and sports specialists at university study stage. Teoriya i praktika fiz. kultury. 2012. no. 10. pp. 14-17.
3. Nikitin S.N. Tactical and technical training of wrestlers based on targeted development of dexterity. Formation and improvement of technical and tactical skills in wrestling: Collected scientific papers. Omsk: OSIpC publ., 1989. pp. 92-96.
4. Nikiforov N.V. Technical and tactical training of hapsagay wrestlers at initial stage in view of technical systematization. PhD diss..  St. Petersburg, 2016. 187 p.

Corresponding author: nikita-nikiforow@yandex.ru

Abstract

The article considers the technical-tactical methods used at the initial training stage with due regard to the scientifically substantiated sequence of training based on the principles of systematization of fighting techniques, combination of repeated and intermittent motor actions and a rational hapsagay training sequence. A motor control technology, in which each action is to be repeated as few times as possible from identical positions, element by elements, thus achieving a rational structure only but not practicing it until it turns into a skill, served as a methodological basis for the method development. The proposed methodology of annual training of hapsagay wrestlers at the initial stage was tested by an educational experiment, which involved the first-year students of Ammosov North-Eastern Federal University. The technical and tactical fitness in hapsagay were assessed based on the following indicators: activity, versatility, effectiveness, variability, combinability. The methodology of combining repeated and intermittent motor actions consisted of 8 periods that included 9 lessons each, when this fighting technique needs to be improved in the "training" mode under standard (stable) external conditions and in the mode of "changing" variable conditions (the method of changing the fighting conditions). The transition to probabilistic prediction of a bout happens through the use of additional knockout blows rather than immediately after getting into the "habit" (automatization).