PhD G.Z. Khalikov¹
PhD I.G. Gerasimova¹
PhD, Professor I.Sh. Mutaeva¹
PhD, Associate Professor R.E. Petrov^1
1Elabuga Institute of Kazan Federal University, Elabuga

Keywords: functional state, middle-distance runners, correction, training effects.

Background. A considerable interest lies in the issue of improving the process of functional training of middle-distance runners. Specialists consider athletes' functional state as a basis of efficiency of their physical working capacity and potential capabilities of the cardiovascular system.

Yu.S. Vanyushin [1] studied the athletes' functional fitness through the types of adaptation of their cardiorespiratory system under the stepwise increasing load. Yu.V. Vysochin et al. [2] provided a physiological substantiation of the effectiveness of competitive activities of football players based on their functional indicators.

In cyclic sports, a number of authors associate runners' functional state with the typological characteristics of their blood circulation system; the need to implement a system of integrated assessment and control of their functional state in the training process; evaluation of the aerobic threshold and potential capabilities of the heart using interval exogenous respiratory hypoxic training [3, 4-7].

Some authors conducted a series of studies to determine the effects of training of different intensity on the athletes' functional state. It was shown that high-intensity cyclic trainings increase the tone of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system of highly-qualified athletes while simultaneously inhibiting the activation of the vagal tone in the autonomic nervous system, which is deemed neuroautonomic adaptation to increased physical loads [8]. These data are of some interest in optimizing individual training profiles.

Objective of the study was to detect changes in the functional state of middle-distance runners in terms of correction of training influences.

Methods and structure of the study.  The study was carried out at the premises of Volga Region State Academy of Physical Culture, Sport and Tourism, Naberezhnye Chelny. Sampled for the study were 30 middle-distance runners, who were split into Experimental (EG) and Control (CG) Groups, 15 people each. The athletes' functional state was diagnosed using the following devices and methods: electrocardiograph "Poly-Spectrum-8/EX", polymyography method, heart rate variability (HRV) analysis, PWC₁₇₀ test, "Express diagnostics of human functional state" developed by S.A. Dushanin using "D&K-TEST" hardware and software complex, "Reaction to a moving object" (RMO) test using "Activaciometer AC-9K" hardware and software complex.

Results and discussion. At the 1st stage of the study, a complete diagnostics of the runners' functional state was carried out using the above-mentioned methods and devices. In the EG, the compositional arrangements of training loads were made: for the runners with the low functional fitness level, the aerobic load was increased to 65%, the mixed one - to 27%; for those with an average functional fitness level, the aerobic load was increased to 55%, the mixed one - to 22%. For the runners having a high functional fitness level, the aerobic load was increased to 35% and the mixed one - to 35%.

The estimation of the subjects' physical working capacity revealed a significant increase in the PWC₁₇₀ test rates in the EG (Table 1).

Table 1. Increase in physical working capacity rates at the 1st and 3rd stages of study, %

Particular attention is paid to the peculiarities of heart rate recovery in the EG after the physical loads. The recovery period in both groups became shorter; however, it took the CG runners a longer time to recover from the physical loads.

The average Reaction to a Moving Object test rates are presented in Table 2. By the 3rd stage of the study, the difference between the CG and EG increased.

Table 2. Reaction to a moving object test rates at the 2nd and 3rd stages of study, ms

By the 3rd stage of the study, there was a gradual shift towards the tendency of the Reaction to a Moving Object to preact in the CG and its tendency to delay in the EG with a gradual reduction in the time of variation. This appears to be due to the predominance of excitation processes in the CG and inhibitory processes in the motor zones of the central nervous system in the EG.

By the 3rd stage of the study, the resting heart rate in the EG was less by almost 5% as opposed to the CG, the heart rate variability spectrum power indicators  (VLF, LF, HF) decreased, and the total spectrum power increased (Table 3).

Table 3. Increase in the Reaction to a Moving Object test rates at the 2nd and 3rd stages of study, %

By the 3rd stage of the study, the tension index of the regulatory systems increased in the CG and decreased in the EG. Therefore, in the EG there was a gradual shift of the autonomic balance towards predominance of the parasympathetic division.

By the end of the experiment, the capacity characteristics in the EG increased statistically significantly as opposed to the CG: aerobic metabolic capacity (Stage 2 - by 13.32%, Stage 3 - by 2.52%), anaerobic metabolic capacity (Stage 2 - 9.01%, stage 3 - 2.43%), total metabolic capacity (Stage 2 - 11.85%, Stage 3 - 3.64%). The strength characteristics improved too: strength of the creatine phosphate energy supply mechanisms (Stage 2 - 13.42%, Stage 3 - 4.13%), strength of the glycolytic energy supply mechanisms (Stage 2 - 10.94%, Stage 3 - 6.55%), strength of the aerobic energy supply mechanisms (Stage 2 - 7.41%, Stage 3 - 3%), which testifies to the improvement in the aerobic and anaerobic mechanisms of energy supply.

The improvement of the functional state of the neuromuscular system of the EG subjects throughout the study was getting more and more pronounced from stage to stage and in relation to the entire study period.

The integrated assessment of the functional state in the EG at the 3rd stage of the study indicated a significant increase and improvement of the muscle contraction strength and speed with the maximum arbitrary muscle contraction strength increased to 10.33%, the arbitrary muscle contraction speed increased to 12.45%, while the speed of the arbitrary muscle relaxation decreased to 31.55%, as a result of which the overall functional state of the neuromuscular system (FSm, FSnms, FScns) improved.

Besides, we observed certain changes in the athletes’ special fitness indicators. In the CG, the indicators improved: 800 m run test - by 3.1%, 1,500 m run test - by 0.81%, 10-fold standing long jump test - by 1.98%, 60 m run test - by 5.17%, standing long jump test - by 3.05%. In the EG, the increase was higher: 800 m run test - by 3.24%, 1,500 m run test - by 1.63%, 10-fold standing long jump test - by 1.37%, 60 m run test - by 3.69%, standing long jump test - by 1.76%.

Conclusion. The experimental technique was found beneficial for the runners' functional state, which was manifested in the statistically significant increase in their functional state rates, aerobic working capacity, psychofunctional state, contractile and relaxation muscle properties, functional and reserve capacities of the body, mechanisms of cardiac function regulation and competitive performance rates.

References

1. Vanyushin Yu.S., Khayrullin R.R. Type of adaptation of athletes’ cardiorespiratory system with incremented load. Teoriya i praktika fiz. kultury, 2009. No. 10. pp. 90-92.
2. Vysochin Yu.V., Denisenko Yu.P., Chuev V.A. Physiological basis of special training of footballers. Naberezhnye Chelny: KamSIPC publ., 2007. 176 p.
3. Gizatullina Ch.A. Physical working capacity of runners based on blood circulation types at sports improvement stage. Teoriya i praktika fiz. kultury. 2012. No. 4. pp. 30-33.
4. Maksimov A.S. Integrated control system for VLGIFK middle-distance runners. Teoriya i praktika fiz. kultury. 2000. No. 5. pp. 28-30.
5. Morozov A.I., Mutaeva I.Sh. Training Runners Based on the Use of Interval Exogenous Respiratory Hypoxic Training. Teoriya i praktika fiz. Kultury, 2014. No. 2. pp. 66-69.
6. Mutaeva I.Sh., Kuznetsov A.S., Konovalov I.E., Khalikov G.Z. Assessment of functional fitness of athletes engaged in endurance training pratices. Fundamentalnye issledovaniya. 2013. No. 6-2. pp. 440-444.
7. Petrov R.E., Mutaeva I.Sh., Ionov A.A. Definition and assessment of aerobic threshold and potential capabilities of cardiac system of junior male racing skiers based on use of incremented step bicycle ergometric load. Pedagogiko-psikhologicheskie i mediko-biologicheskie problemy fizicheskoy kultury i sporta. 2018. v. 13. No. 2. pp 198-206.

Corresponding author: khalikov88th@gmail.com

Abstract

Objective of the study was to detect changes in the functional state of middle-distance runners in terms of correction of training influences.

Methods and structure of the study. Sampled for the study were 30 track and field athletes specializing in middle-distance running, who were divided into the Experimental (EG) and Control (CG) Groups, 15 people each. All athletes attended the sports school "Yar Chally" in Naberezhnye Chelny. The study was carried out in three stages: the first stage was conducted in September-October, second - in January-February of the winter competitive stage, third - in May of the pre-competitive stage. For the purposes of the study, we applied the hardware methods focused on the analysis of the athletes' functional state: autonomic nervous system (ANS), cardiovascular system, nervous and muscular systems, overall physical fitness and aerobic capacities, psychofunctional state.

Results and conclusions. The study revealed a positive trend in the subjects' functional state rates, manifested in a statistically significant increase in the following indicators: physical working capacity (PWC₁₇₀ increased by 4.56% at the 3rd stage of the study), psychofunctional state (accuracy of the reaction to a moving object = 11.57±0.51 ms)), contractile and relaxation muscle properties (arbitrary relaxation rate increased by 31.55%, arbitrary contraction rate - by 12.45%), aerobic characteristics, functional and reserve capacities of the body (aerobic metabolic capacity improved by 2.52%, anaerobic metabolic capacity - by 2.43%), mechanisms of cardiac function regulation (tension index increased by 4.28%) and competitive performance rates (the result in the 800 m run improved by 3.24%, in the 1,500 m run - by 1.63%).

The compositional arrangement of training loads of different orientation leads to the effective functioning of the entire body system of the runners.