Physiological and biomechanical basics for physical rehabilitation of students with musculoskeletal disorders by means of football

Фотографии: 

ˑ: 

Professor, Dr.Med. L.V. Kapilevich1, 2
PhD K.V. Davletiyarova1
Postgraduate M.S. Nagornov1
Associate Professor, PhD A.A. Ilyin3
Student J.A. Gaevaya1
1National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk
2National Research Tomsk State University, Tomsk
3Tomsk State University of Control Systems and Radioelectronics, Tomsk

Keywords: motor coordination, balance, diseases, student-footballers.

Relevance. Musculoskeletal disorders stand high (30%) in the rating of the reasons that limit physical activity of young people. One of manifestations of this pathology is equilibrium dysfunction and disturbed coordination [1, 4]. Young people, who suffer from such diseases, cannot participate in most recreational activities popular among young people, which makes them isolated from their social groups [3].

One way to solve this problem is to develop the forms of involvement of the given contingent in popular sports. Nevertheless, while designing the training program it is necessary to take into account the specifics of athletes’ health status and level of motor abilities [2, 5], in which case the development of the optimal system of training loads should be based on the understanding of physiological mechanisms providing compensation of motor disturbances in young people with musculoskeletal disorders.

Objective of the research was to study the peculiarities of motor coordination and bioelectrical activity of the lower limb muscles when kicking the ball in football players with musculoskeletal disorders.

Materials and methods of research. Subject to the study were 1st-2nd-year students (n=30) of Tomsk Polytechnic University, aged 18-20 years, majoring in football. They were split into 2 groups. The first (study) group consisted of students (n=15) with musculoskeletal disorders (II-III-degree scoliosis coupled with II-III-degree flat-footedness). The second group (reference) included students (n=15) without musculoskeletal system pathologies. The intensity, frequency of training sessions, as well as the levels of training loads in both of the groups, were the same.

The muscle bioelectrical activity of the right leg, taking the kick, was assessed using the multifunctional computer electroneuromyograph "Neuro-MEP-4". To analyze motor coordination during the kick, we used the computer stabilographic analyzer "Stabilan-1" (CJSC "EDB "Rhythm", Taganrog). The factual data are presented in the form of "mean ± error of mean" (М±m). The significance of inter-group differences was assessed using the nonparametric Mann-Whitney test.

Results and discussion. Figure 1 illustrates the statokinesiogram of the kicks performed by the football players of the study and reference groups. In the reference group football players we detected a right shift of the CP in the preparatory phase. Before the kick, the CP slightly shifts back. The CP movement trajectory when taking the kick is almost straight. After the kick, the CP shifts to the left.

The study group football players were observed to have pronounced oscillations of the CP in the preparatory phase. Before the kick, their CP shifts back considerably; the CP movement trajectory at the kick phase is curved. After the kick, there are pronounced oscillations of the CP in the sagittal plane.

Table 1 represents the main indicators of motor coordination in football players of both groups when taking the kick (Fig. 1, A, B).

In the group of football players with musculoskeletal disorders, the variation range in the frontal and sagittal planes was significantly (p<0.05) lower than in the reference group.

Also, as compared to the reference group, the average rate of the CP movement, ellipse area, and average linear velocity were significantly (p<0.05) lower. Nevertheless, the equilibrium function in the study group was significantly (p<0.05) higher than in the reference groups (Table 1).

Therefore, football players with musculoskeletal disorders, due to the shift of the common center of gravity, have coordination disturbances leading to the movement delinearity. The CP movement trajectory when taking the kicks is curved in all phases. However, athletes compensate these disturbances by reducing such indicators as frontal and sagittal spread, ellipse area, average linear velocity, average rate of the CP movement. In addition, we observed an increase in the equilibrium function quality in the study group.

Table 2 represents the indicators of the muscle bioelectrical activity of the lower limbs of the football players of the study and reference groups when taking instep kicks. Football players with musculoskeletal disorders have a significantly (p<0.05) lower amplitude of the bioelectrical activity of m. vastus lateralis and m. rectus femoris. Nevertheless, as compared to the reference group, in the study group there is an increase of the maximum amplitude of bioelectrical activity of the leg muscles: m. gastrocnemius, caput laterale - by 21%; m. gastrocnemius, caput mediale - by 24%. Therefore, during instep kicking, football players with musculoskeletal disorders use mostly their calf muscles (gastrocnemius, caput laterale and m. Gastrocnemius, caput mediale), while football players without musculoskeletal system pathologies use mainly their thigh muscles (m. vastus lateralis, m. rectus femoris) (Table 2). Consequently, during kicking we detected the load redistribution on the lower limb muscles in football players with musculoskeletal system pathologies. While the thigh muscle activity decreases, the calf muscles get involved in the movement.

Conclusion. When kicking the ball, football players with musculoskeletal disorders have motor coordination disturbances, which manifest themselves in the movement delinearity. These abnormalities are, apparently, due to the shift of the common center of gravity. However, these disorders in students involved in football are compensated by a decrease in the amplitude and speed of oscillations of the common center of gravity in both planes, which contributes to the improvement in the equilibrium function.

At the same time, there is a structural reorganization of their leg muscle work - decreased activity of the thigh muscles is accompanied by increased activity of the calf muscles. This phenomenon can also be viewed as a compensatory one – muscular hyperactivity of the distal parts of the lower limb contributes to more successful adjustment of the CP trajectory deviation from the optimal rate.

The findings make it possible to adjust the training program for football players with musculoskeletal disorders by introducing the exercises aimed to strengthen the thigh muscles, as well as the additional exercise to develop coordination and balance.

The work was carried out with financial support from the RSF № 16-18-00016.

Fig. 1. Statokinesiogram of the kicks performed by reference group football players (A) and those with musculoskeletal disorders (B)

Note: the arrows point out:

  1. movement initiation;
  2. impact;
  3. end of movement.

Table 1. Stabilographic indicators when kicking the ball (X±m)

Indicators

Study group

Reference group

Frontal spread, mm

34.8±2.6*

45.9±2.2

Sagittal spread, mm

18.5±1.5*

29.0±4.4

Average rate of CP movement, mm/s

112.5±9.2*

141.8±6.2

Ellipse area, sq.mm

7879.7±1101.5*

13005.8±1468.1

Equilibrium function, %

16.7±1.9*

11.4±1.5

Average linear velocity, mm/s

113.3±9.3*

142.9±6.3

 

* - significance of differences with the control group, p<0.05

Table 2. Maximum amplitude of the lower limb muscle bioelectrical activity when kicking the ball (X±m)

Muscle group

Study group

Reference group

m. gastrocnemius, caput laterale

1120±354.3*

874.1±255.1

m. gastrocnemius, caput mediale

1680.1±660.6*

1280±345.9

m. vastus lateralis

801.7±345.6*

20904±17111.3

m. rectus femoris

513.3±230.9*

6180±3824.6

* - significance of differences with the reference group, p<0.05

Corresponding author: kapil@yandex.ru

Abstract

Objective of the research was to study the peculiarities of motor coordination and bioelectrical activity of the lower limb muscles when kicking the ball in football players with musculoskeletal disorders.

Subject to the study were 1st-2nd-year students (n=30) of Tomsk Polytechnic University, aged 18-20 years, majoring in football.

When kicking the ball, football players with musculoskeletal disorders have to deal with motor coordination disturbances, which manifest themselves in the movement delinearity. At the same time, there is a structural reorganization of their leg muscle work - decreased activity of the thigh muscles is accompanied by increased activity of the calf muscles. The obtained results make it possible to adjust the training program for football players with musculoskeletal disorders.

 

 

References

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Corresponding author: kapil@yandex.ru

Abstract
Objective of the research was to study the peculiarities of motor coordination and bioelectrical activity of the lower limb muscles when kicking the ball in football players with musculoskeletal disorders.
Subject to the study were 1st-2nd-year students (n=30) of Tomsk Polytechnic University, aged 18-20 years, majoring in football.
When kicking the ball, football players with musculoskeletal disorders have to deal with motor coordination disturbances, which manifest themselves in the movement delinearity. At the same time, there is a structural reorganization of their leg muscle work - decreased activity of the thigh muscles is accompanied by increased activity of the calf muscles. The obtained results make it possible to adjust the training program for football players with musculoskeletal disorders.