Mechanisms of implementation of various technical and tactical patterns in taekwondo

Фотографии: 

ˑ: 

Ph.D., Professor V.A. Vishnevskiy1
A.A. Monastyrev2
Postgraduate student K.A. Karimov1
1Surgut state university, Surgut
2Surgut Taekwondo Federation, Surgut

Keywords: taekwondo, technical and tactical actions, performance mechanism.

Introduction

Rules of competition in the sport of taekwondo are designed to motivate the athletes to fight in a most active manner. It is well known, however, that too ambitious technical and tactical actions in bouts may be seriously limited by the actual energy resources of the athlete’s body. Our previous studies of the oxygen supply control process in taekwondo sparring bouts demonstrated that it is the respiratory volume (RV) on the whole and the minute RV in particular that is the key factor of the oxygen supply to the body at the onset of the bout. Later on in the bout, deeper breathing becomes too energy-intensive process and the body instinctively responds by mobilizing its second-level reserve – by increasing the respiratory rate (RR). The RR increase, however, results in expansion of the dead space and decrease of the respiration process efficiency. Individual oxygen supply control qualities were demonstrated to be in direct correlations with a few athletic integral fitness components including the special endurance level, scoring capacity and qualification level [1, 2]. There are good reasons to expect at the same time that different technical and tactical actions in the bouts may differ in their performance mechanisms, and the latter were taken as subject for this study.

The purpose of the study was to explore a variety of technical and tactical actions in taekwondo bouts to reveal their performance mechanisms.

Materials and methods

The subjects of the study were 20 athletes from the junior taekwondo team of the city of Surgut fighting in sparring bouts of three 2-minute rounds, with 1-minute rest breaks between the rounds. Every athlete was required to perform a standard set of warm-up exercises prior to the bout as traditional for this sport discipline. The oxygen supply control parameters were measured prior to the bout, during the breaks between the rounds and on the 1st and 4th minutes of the recovery process after the bouts. The measurements were made by “Fitmate PRO” Hardware and Software Unit (HSU). Heart rate (HR) was fixed on a permanent basis during the bout using the “Pollar” Monitor System. The relevant mental and physiological performance indicators of the athletes were metered using the “ActivatiMeter” HSU. The technical and tactical actions (TTA) were recorded and processed based on the video capturing data. Resultant actions were fixed by the relevant electronic recording systems. To explore the different tactical action performance mechanisms, the subject athletes were classified into three equal groups: by the counts of technical and tactical actions taken; by the points scored; and by the special endurance levels (TTA1/TTA3). The statistical hypotheses were verified using the Student’s t-criteria.

Results and discussion

Table 1 hereunder lists the performance indicators showing reliable differences versus the TTA (technical and tactical action) intensity in the taekwondo bouts.

Table 1. Performance indicators showing reliable differences versus the technical and tactical action (TTA) intensity in the taekwondo bouts

Indicator

 

High activity

M±σ, n=10

Low activity

M±σ, n=10

Difference reliability t-criterion

TTA count per bout

67,9±17,8

46,7±5,0

3,97

TTA count for the 1st minute of the bout

10,8±3,8

8,0±1,9

2,45

TTA count for the 2nd minute of Round One

12,2±4,9

8,1±2,3

2,62

TTA count for Round One

23,0±7,1

16,1±3,1

3,30

TTA count for Round Two

22,4±6,7

16,3±3,6

2,64

TTA count for the 1st minute of Round Three

10,6±3,30

7,8±2,0

2,47

TTA count for the 2nd minute of Round Three

11,9±2,5

6,5±3,1

3,97

TTA count for Round Three

22,5±5,3

14,3±4,4

3,90

Respiratory volume after Round One, l

1,61±0,56

2,41±0,66

-2,26

Oxygen demand after Round One, ml/min

2206,4±458,7

2881,8±787,2

-2,27

Respiratory volume prior to Round Three, l

1,18±0,42

1,69±0,63

-2,26

Oxygen demand prior to Round Three, ml/min

928,7±345,7

1354,6±516,0

-2,71

Respiratory volume after Round Three, l

1,42±0,34

2,03±0,66

-2,76

Attention Switchover Test, s

46,7±5,3

57,0±12,3

-2,27

Reaction to Moving Object (RMO) test variation range, arbitrary units  

89,8±35,2

 

58±17,5

 

2,68

 

Analysis of the above data gives reasons to maintain that the athletes having active tactical plans for the fight show notably higher counts of the technical and tactical actions from the first minutes of Round One. It should be noted that this advantage normally remains on the stable level throughout the bout. This activity, however, gives no reliable benefits in terms of the points scored, although such trend is notable. No reliable group differences in the oxygen supply modes were found in the study. There were some logical reasons to expect that the athletes having higher TTA counts would show higher oxygen demand rates. The actual picture was, however, opposite, as the highest oxygen demand rates were scored by the athletes having the lowest TTA counts. It should be emphasized that this high demand is due to the deeper breathing only, since the respiratory efficiency rates showed no reliable group differences. It is also noteworthy that all the group-specific differences were leveled down after the bouts. As far as the mental and physiological performance indicators are concerned, the tactically more active athletes showed better indicators in the second part of the Attention Switching Test and higher variation ranges in the Reaction to Moving Object (RMO) test.

Therefore, the above tests and analyses give reasons to assume that more active fight tactics are preferred by those athletes who have advantage in terms of the more efficient metabolism, faster attention switchover ability and higher degrees of freedom in their space- and time-apprehension and control systems.

Table 2 hereunder lists the performance indicators showing the reliable differences versus the TTA (technical and tactical actions) effectiveness.

Table 2. Performance indicators showing the reliable differences versus the TTA (technical and tactical actions) effectiveness

Indicator

 

High activity

M±σ, n=10

Low activity

M±σ, n=10

Difference reliability t-criterion

Points scored for the bout

6,6±3,5

2,3±1,0

3,82

TTA count for the 2nd minute of Round One

11,7±4,2

8,6±4,0

4,39

TTA count for Round One

21,7±7,3

17,4±4,7

2,52

TTA count for the 2nd minute of Round Two

10,5±4,4

7,1±1,2

2,61

TTA count for Round Two

2,6±2,0

0,7±0,9

2,31

Oxygen content in the exhalation after the warm-up exercises, %

17,399±0,320

16,795±0,544

2,48

 

Oxygen usage rate after the warm-up exercises, vol. %

35,89±3,70

 

41,91±5,49

 

-2,39

 

Heart rate after Round One, bpm

186,7±12,9

 

160,5±31,9

 

2,91

 

Respiratory rate after the 1st break, breaths per min

30,1±6,8

22,3±5,5

2,34

Oxygen content in the exhalation after the 1st break, %

17,479±0,364

 

16,827±0,658

 

2,667

 

Oxygen usage rate after the 1st break, vol. %

33,83±3,66

 

40,84±7,00

 

-2,8808

 

Heart rate after the 1st break, bpm

144,1±25,0

 

123,7±16,0

 

3,06

 

Respiratory rate after the 2nd break,  breaths per min

37,0±6,2

25,2±4,0

4,29

Oxygen demand rate after Round Three, ml/min

2324,1±493,7

2923,0±848,2

-2,57

Respiratory rate 3 minutes after Round Three, breaths per min

32,2±6,4

 

22,5±4,9

 

4,04

 

Functional asymmetry of the cerebral hemispheres, arbitrary units

-9,2±11,2

 

5,4±20,0

 

-2,36

 

Analysis of the above data gives the grounds to state that the most effective athletes normally establish their superiority in the first two rounds and appear to achieve that due to the higher TTA counts and effectiveness in the 2nd minute of the round. After the warm-up exercises, the mostly effective athletes are found different from the others by the lower oxygen content in the exhaled air that means the higher oxygen usage rates. It should be noted in this context that the more effective athletes show generally higher respiratory rates in contrast to the less effective ones who show deeper breathing rates. Furthermore, more effective athletes tend to develop much higher heart rate in Round One as compared to the less effective ones (186.7 bpm vs. 160.5 bpm, respectively). It is for this reason that they show higher heart rates and respiratory rates by the end of the first break. The less effective athletes show lower heart rates and respiratory rates by the end of the first break, but the lower oxygen content in the exhalation and higher oxygen usage rates at the same time. The same trend stays later in the course of the bout and leads to reliably much higher oxygen demand by the less effective athletes in Round Three.

The resultant (effective) athletes were found to control the bout under optimal attack-counterattack scenario developing higher heart rates and respiratory rates with lower oxygen demand rates and lower oxygen consumption rates. In this sport discipline this is possible only for account of more efficient mobilization of the creatine-phosphokinase energy supply mechanism. The fact that no reliable group differences were found in terms of the oxygen debt by the end of breaks following Rounds One and Two and in terms of the generally lower oxygen debt after Round Three – might be indicative of the anaerobic glycolysis mechanism being less mobilized by the more effective athletes.

Table 3 hereunder lists the performance indicators showing the reliable differences versus the special endurance rates (TTA1/TTA3).

Table 3. Performance indicators showing the reliable differences versus the special endurance rates (TTA1/TTA3) of the athletes

Indicator

 

High activity

M±σ, n=10

Low activity

M±σ, n=10

Difference reliability t-criterion

Special endurance rated by the TTA1/TTA3 index

1,37±0,23

 

0,87±0,21

 

5,32

 

TTA count for Round Three

14,4±3,5

22,4±6,1

-4,18

TTA count for the 2nd minute of Round Three

7,2±2,5

11,2±4,1

-3,02

TTA count for the 1st minute of Round Three

7,2±1,4

11,2±2,8

-4,05

Reaction to Moving Object (RMO) test accuracy, arbitrary units

31,1±7,4

23,5±5,6

2,32

Analysis of the above table data gives grounds to believe that the higher endurance rates in the subject taekwondo groups are achieved exclusively for account of the higher TTA counts in Round Three. This activity, however, appears to give no reliably detectable advantage in terms of the points scored. Furthermore, the study failed to find reliably detectable differences in the oxygen control modes of the more endurable athletes vs. less endurable ones. In terms of the mental and physiological performance indicators, more endurable athletes were found reliably more accurate in the Reaction to Moving Object (RMO) test.

Therefore, the tactics dominated by higher technical and tactical action intensity in Round Three is preferred by those athletes who have advantage in terms of the more efficiently interacting space- and time-apprehension and control systems.

Conclusion

Modern taekwondo is a sport discipline of high demand to speed- and strength dynamic performance under a wide variety of workloads associated with high emotional stress. Actual performance intensity and total energy demand largely depend on the specific bout, including actions of the opponent, individual style of the fight control by the athlete and his/her motivation towards success [6]. The athlete’s performance in the bout is largely determined by interactions with the opponent; hence, it cannot be regulated from outside; and is controlled by the athlete so as to respond to the varying fight situation and actions of the opponent [5]. Proportions of the aerobic and anaerobic energy supply sources in the course of a bout may vary in a wide range. It should be mentioned in this context that inadequate development of either or both of these aerobic and anaerobic energy supply sources may be restrictive for individual performance of athlete in taekwondo bouts [4]. The wider is the range of tactical actions and technical skills mastered by the athlete in the training process, the higher is his/ her chances for success [3]. There are good reasons to expect, in this context, that findings of our study to highlight the performance mechanisms of some technical and tactical actions may be helpful in the efforts to improve the quality of the education and training process and the selection work in taekwondo.

References

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Corresponding author: apokin_vv@mail.ru