Basketball terminology: unification challenges
ˑ:
Master of Sports Peulic Jovica1
V.V. Yadreev1
S.V. Semenov1
1M.K. Ammosov North-Eastern Federal University, Yakutsk
Keywords: basketball, basketball terms and definitions, communication, understanding, players, coaches.
Background. Success in the modern basketball game is known to depend on the teamwork quality secured by perfect understanding and cooperation of the players and coaches [9] – that need to be put on a sound verbal communication basis with certain standardization of phrases and signals, particularly when the teams and coaches are bi- or multilingual that is not unusual for the elite sports nowadays [2]. Prior to 1980ies the national basketball leagues were dominated by the locals speaking their mother languages. Since then the national teams have opened up to increasingly encourage inflows of foreign contractors in the competitive performance improvement efforts – and this was the reason for the growing influence of a few nations and clubs of origin of such players and experts on the national turfs on the one hand and on the basketball game popularity the world over on the other hand. Since 1990ies virtually no one elite club and nation could progress in isolation from the flows of foreign players and coaches.
Objective of the study was to overview the modern multilingual basketball glossary.
Methods and structure of the study. We analyzed for the purposes of the study the available Russian, Serbian and foreign literature on the subject [7, 1, 4].
Results and discussion. Trainings are known to be greatly facilitated when the players and coaches freely communicate in English or the regional languages (when, e.g. the coach of a Russian team is Serbian and many words are fairly close and understandable) [11]. It should be noted that the sport has developed a glossary of standard terms and definitions for the key basketball skills [6]: see Table 1.
Table 1. Key basketball skills defining terms
English |
Serbian |
Russian |
Dribble |
Вођењелопте |
Ведение мяча |
Dribble |
Дриблинг |
Дриблинг |
Passing and catching |
Додавање и хватање |
Передача и ловля |
Jumpshot |
Скок шут |
Бросок с прыжком |
Unmarking |
Демаркирање |
Открываться |
Stopping |
Наскок |
Останавливаться |
Penetration |
Продор |
Прорыв |
Pivot foot |
Пивот нога |
Oпорная нога |
Screen |
Блок |
Заслон (стенка) |
Given in Table 2 are the terms for the key basketball elements.
Table 2. Terms for the key basketball elements
English |
Serbian |
Russian |
Pivot player |
Пивотиграч |
Основной игрок |
Penetration line |
Линијапродора |
Линия проникновения |
Helpline |
Линијапомоћи |
Линия помощи |
Doubling |
Удвајање |
Удвоение |
Player substitution |
Преузимање |
Смена |
Direction |
Усмерење |
Направление |
Turnover |
Изгубљеналопта |
Потери мяча |
Baseline |
Чеоналинија |
Лицевая линия |
Sideline |
Бочналинија |
Боковая линия |
These terms define the specific moves and game goals the player is expected to attain, and that is why they are so important, for example doubling that means the couple defense with two defenders control the same attacker; substitution when defenders substitute the attackers; direction meaning the defender’s action to force the attacker to the line when the latter loses the ball (turnover) etc.
Table 3. The key terms with reference to the basketball ruls
English |
Serbian |
Russian |
Playing time |
Време за игру |
Игровое время |
Status of the ball |
Статус лопте |
Статус мяча |
Ball control |
Контролалопте |
Контроль мяча |
Аlternating possession |
Наизменичанпосед |
Поочередное владение |
Shooting player |
Играч у акцијишутирања |
Игрок в процессе броска |
Throw-in |
Убацивање |
Сбрасывание |
Time-out |
Тиме-аут |
Тайм-аут |
Substitution |
Замена |
Замена |
Violations |
Прекршаји |
Нарушения |
Player out-of-bounds and ball out-of-bounds |
Играч и лоптаванграничнихлинија |
Игрок в ауте и мяч в ауте |
Travelling |
Кораци |
Пробежка |
Closely guarded player |
Блискочуваниграч |
Плотноопекаемый игрок |
Personal foul |
Лична грешка |
Персональный фол |
Double foul |
Обострана грешка |
Обоюдный фол |
Technical foul |
Техничка грешка |
Технический фол |
Unsportsmanlike foul |
Неспортска грешка |
Неспортивный фол |
Disqualifyingfoul |
Дисквалификујућа грешка |
Дисквалифицирующий фол |
Fighting |
Туча |
Драка |
Free throws |
Слободнабацања |
Штрафные броски |
Тhe score sheet |
Записник |
Протокол |
Given in Table 3 are the key terms of the valid basketball rules [8] that every player must perfectly know to understand the ref’s verdict in every game situation. And given in Table 4 are the game situation-specific terms.
Table 4. Situation-specific terms
English |
Serbian |
Russian |
Airball |
|
Ситуация, когда мяч летит после броска и не касается кольца и щита |
Alley-oop |
|
Ситуация, когда игрок забивает сверху и получает мяч в воздухе |
And one |
|
Ситуация, когда игрок фолит и игрок забивает |
Backdoor |
|
Ситуация, когда игрок нападения без мяча убегает за спину игрока защиты |
Dunk |
|
Ситуация, когда игрок забивает сверху |
Mismatch |
|
Ситуация, когда высокий игрок остается с низким в ситуации 1:1, и наоборот |
Tip-in |
|
Ситуация, когда игрок подбора касается мяча и забивает |
Switch |
|
Смена игрока в защите 1:1 |
Pick and roll |
|
Действие двух игроков, когда высокий игрок ставит заслон низкому и открывается под кольцом |
Pick and pop |
|
Действие двух игроков, когда высокий игрок ставит заслон низкому и открывается наверху (остается на штрафной линии) |
Transition |
|
Движение игроков из защиты в нападение, и наоборот |
Tripledouble |
|
Ситуация, когда у игрока в конце игры есть больше, чем десять очков, передач и подборов |
No-look-pass |
|
Действие игрока с мячом, когда он передает мяч в одну сторону, а смотрит в другую сторону |
Box and one |
|
Тип защиты, когда один игрок играет в защиту 1:1, а остальные стоят в зоне |
Coast to coast |
|
Быстрое ведение мяча между лицевыми линиями |
Lay up |
Полагање |
Бросок, когда ладонь находится под мячом |
Face to face |
|
Ситуация 1:1 |
It is traditional for the modern basketball game to widely apply English terms for the situation-specific applications as they are clear, definite and universal enough and easily understood by every player, coach, spectator and analyst.
Conclusion. It is emphasized that perfect understanding and cooperation in a basketball team is paramount for success and that is the reason why the language barriers in communication of the teammates and coaches need to be totally removed to avoid unnecessary psychological tension and stressors, otherwise the game cannot be fully harmonized and efficient. That is the reason why the modern elite basketball teams need to be at least fully bilingual i.e. fluent in English and their national languages.
References
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Corresponding author: jovicapeulic@yahoo.com
Abstract
Success in the modern basketball game is known to depend on the teamwork quality secured by perfect understanding and cooperation of the players and coaches – that need to be put on a sound verbal communication basis with certain standardization of the key phrases and signals, particularly when the teams and coaches are bi- or multilingual that is not unusual for the elite sports nowadays. It may be stated with confidence that the modern basketball has worked out its own communication toolkit (glossary) to secure perfect mutual understanding in the sport community (with its players, coaches, referees and supporters) facilitated by the common terms and meanings to define every game element and goal and efficiently design and manage the teamwork for success. Objective of the study was to overview the modern multilingual basketball glossary. The authors analyzed for the purposes of the study the available Russian, Serbian and foreign literature on the subject to summarize the universal international terms and meanings that refer to the key elements of the modern basketball game plus those with reference to the basketball rules – critical for understanding of every referees’ verdict on every game issue and action. It is emphasized that perfect understanding and cooperation in a basketball team is paramount for success and this is the reason why the language barriers in communication of the teammates and coaches need to be totally removed to avoid unnecessary psychological tension and stressors, otherwise the game cannot be fully harmonized and efficient. That is the reason why the modern elite basketball teams need to be at least fully bilingual i.e. fluent in English and national languages.